Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Eight firefighters have been called in to help find an escaped hamster. Two crews used a chocolate-⁠covered camera and a vacuum cleaner A ____, called Fudgie, at the home of a six-⁠year-⁠old girl in Dunbar, Scotland.

The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie had opened the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone В ____.'

The fire crews spent five hours trying to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused С ____.

In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-⁠camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all their efforts, they failed to find Fudgie.

In the end, the firefighters put another camera down the hole D ____, connected to the screen of the family home computer, to see if Fudgie appeared. Besides, the girl and her parents regularly dropped food E ____.

At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who first found Fudgie F ____.

The girl said that day it was like Christmas morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.

1.  through a small hole in the floor

2.  through the hole for the hamster

3.  and locked the runaway hamster

4.  to come out of the hole

5.  to look after the pet

6.  to try and locate the missing hamster

7.  and left it under the floorboards

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

If you eat very quickly, it may be enough to increase your risk of being overweight, research suggests.

Osaka University scientists looked at the eating habits of 3,000 people. Just about half of them told researchers that they A ______. Compared with those who did not eat quickly, fast-⁠eating men were 84% more likely to be overweight, and women were 100% more likely to В ______.

Japanese scientists said that there were a number of reasons why eating fast С ______. They said it could prevent the work of a signalling system which tells your brain to stop eating because your stomach is full. They said: ‘If you eat quickly you basically fill your stomach before the system has a chance to react, so you D _____.

The researchers also explained that a mechanism that helps make us fat today, developed with evolution and helped people get more food in the periods when they were short of it. The scientists added that the habit of eating fast could be received from one’s parents genes or E ______.

They said that, if possible, children should be taught to F ______, and allowed to stop when they felt full up at mealtimes. ‘The advice of our grandmothers about chewing everything 20 times might be true  — if you take a bit more time eating, it could have a positive influence on your weight.

1.  just overfill your stomach

2.  could be bad for your weight

3.  have a habit of eating quickly

4.  linked to obesity

5.  eat as slowly as possible

6.  put on weight

7.  learned at a very early age

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Technology is helping families stay in touch like never before, says a report carried out in the US.

Instead of driving people apart, mobile phones and the Internet are A ______. The research looked at the differences in technology use between families with children and single adults. It found that traditional families have more hi-⁠tech gadgets in their home В ______. Several mobile phones were found in 89% of families and 66% had a high-⁠speed Internet connection. The research also found that 58% of families have more С ______.

Many people use their mobile phone to keep in touch and communicate with parents and children. Seventy percent of couples, D ______, use it every day to chat or say hello. In addition, it was found that 42% of parents contact their children via their mobile every day.

The growing use of mobile phones, computers and the Internet means that families no longer gather round the TV to spend time together. 25% of those who took part in the report said they now spend less time E ______. Only 58% of 18–29 year olds said they watched TV every day. Instead the research found that 52% of Internet users who live with their families go online F ______ several times a week and 51% of parents browse the web with their children.

Some analysts have worried that new technologies hurt families, but we see that technology allows for new kinds of connectedness built around cell phones and the Internet/ said the report.

1.  than any other group

2.  watching television

3.  in the company of someone else

4.  than two computers in the home

5.  communicated with their families

6.  helping them communicate

7.  owning a mobile

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

I work at a company where there are hundreds of employees. I know most of them and almost all of them know me. It is all based on one simple principle: I believe every single person deserves to be acknowledged, A ______.

When I was about 10 years old, I was walking down the street with my mother. She stopped to speak to Mr. Lee. I knew I could see Mr. Lee any time around the neighborhood, В ______.

After we passed Mr. Lee, my mother said something that has stuck with me from that day until now. She said, ‘You let that be the last time you ever walk by somebody and not open up your mouth to speak, because even a dog can wag its tail С ______. That phrase sounds simple, but it has been a guidepost for me and the foundation of who I am. I started to see that when I spoke to someone, they spoke back. And that felt good. It is not just something I believe in  — D ______. I believe that every person deserves to feel someone acknowledges their presence, no matter how unimportant they may be.

At work, I always used to say ‘hello’ to the founder of the company and ask him how our business was doing. But I was also speaking to the people in the cafe, and asked how their children were doing. I remembered after a few years of passing by the founder, I had the courage to ask him for a meeting. We had a great talk.

At a certain point, I asked him E ______. He said, ‘If you want to, you can get all the way to this seat.’ I have become vice president, but that has not changed the way I approach people. I speak to everyone I see, no matter where I am. I have learned that speaking to people creates a pathway into their world, F ______.

1.  it has become a way of life

2.  when it passes you on the street

3.  when you see him and talk to him

4.  and it lets them come into mine, too

5.  so I did not pay any attention to him

6.  however small or simple the greeting is

7.  how far he thought I could go in his company

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

A strong friendship takes a significant amount of time to develop. It will not just magically mature overnight. A friendship involves committing oneself to help another person A ______. I believe that, nothing can replace a true friend, not material objects, or money, and definitely not a boy.

I met this guy a couple summers ago who I ended up spending almost all of my free time with. His parents did not approve of our dating because of our age difference, В ______. He had told me the day we met that he had joined the air force and would leave for overseas that coming October. After three months had past, the time came when he had to leave. This left me feeling completely alone.

I turned to my friends for support, but to my surprise, С ______. I had spent so much time with this guy and so little time with them, that they did not feel sorry for me when he left. For so long they had become the only constant in my life, and I had taken them for granted over something D ______.

When my boyfriend came back, our relationship changed. I tried to fix all the aspects in my life that had gone so wrong in the previous six months.

This experience taught me that true friendships will only survive if one puts forth effort to make them last. Keeping friends close will guarantee that E ______. When a relationship falls apart, a friend will always do everything in their power to make everything less painful. As for me, I try to keep my friends as close as I can. I know they will always support me in whatever I do, and to them, I F ______.

1.  but we did anyway

2.  whenever a need arises

3.  they did not really care

4.  whenever they need your help

5.  could not guarantee would even last

6.  am eternally grateful for a second chance

7.  someone will always have a shoulder to cry on

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

On New Year’s Day, 1985, Michael Harrison phoned his father, Sir Ernest, to wish him a happy new year. Sir Ernest was chairman of Racal Electronics, the owner of Vodafone, A ______.

At the time, mobile phones weighed almost a kilogram, cost several thousand pounds and provided only 20 minutes talktime. The networks themselves were small; Vodafone had just a dozen masts covering London. Nobody had any idea of the huge potential of wireless communication and the dramatic impact В ______.

Hardly anyone believed there would come a day when mobile phones were so popular С ______. But in 1999 one mobile phone was sold in the UK every four seconds, and by 2004 there were more mobile phones in the UK than people. The boom was a result of increased competition which pushed prices lower and created innovations in the way that mobiles were sold.

When the government introduced more competition, companies started cutting prices to attract more customers. Cellnet, for example, changed its prices, D ______. It also introduced local call tariffs.

The way that handsets themselves were marketed was also changing and it was Finland’s Nokia who made E ______. In the late 1990s Nokia realized that the mobile phone was a fashion item: so it offered interchangeable covers which allowed you to customize and personalize your handset.

The mobile phone industry has spent the later part of the past decade reducing its monthly charge F ______, which has culminated in the fight between the iPhone and a succession of touch screen rivals.

1.  trying to persuade people to do more with their phones than just call and text

2.  that there would be more phones in the UK than there are people

3.  and relying instead on actual call charges

4.  that mobile phones would have over the next quarter century

5.  the leap from phones as technology to phones as fashion items

6.  and his son was making the first-⁠ever mobile phone call in the UK

7.  the move to digital technology, connecting machines to wireless networks

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

London Zoo is one of the most important zoos in the world. There are over 12,000 animals at London Zoo and A ______! Its main concern is to breed threatened animals in captivity. This means we might be able to restock the wild, should disaster ever befall the wild population.

Partula Snail, Red Crowned Crane, Arabian Oryx, Golden Lion Tamarin, Persian Leopard, Asiatic Lion and Sumatran Tiger are just some of the species London Zoo is helping to save.

That is why it is so important that we fight to preserve the habitats that these animals live in, as well as eliminate other dangers В ______. But we aim to make your day at London Zoo a fun and memorable time, С ______.

In the Ambika Paul Children’s Zoo, for instance, youngsters can learn a new love and appreciation for animals D ______. They can also learn how to care for favourite pets in the Pet Care Centre.

Then there are numerous special Highlight events E ______ unforgettable pony rides to feeding times and spectacular animal displays. You will get to meet keepers and ask them what you are interested in about the animals they care for, F ______.

Whatever you decide, you will have a great day. We have left no stone unturned to make sure you do!

1.  such as hunting exotic animals and selling furs

2.  as well as the ins and outs of being a keeper at London Zoo

3.  which take place every day, from

4.  because they see and touch them close up 

5.  despite the serious side to our work

6.  which demand much time and effort

7.  that is not counting every ant in the colony

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Archaeologists have discovered evidence of what they believe was a second Stonehenge located a little more than a mile away from the world-⁠famous prehistoric monument.

The new find on the west bank of the river Avon has been called "Bluestonehenge", after the colour of the 25 Welsh stones of A ___________________.

Excavations at the site have suggested there was once a stone circle 10 metres in diameter and surrounded by a henge  — a ditch with an external bank, according to the project director, Professor Mike Parker Pearson, of the University of Sheffield.

The stones at the site were removed thousands of years ago but the sizes of the holes in B _________________ indicate that this was a circle of bluestones, brought from the Preseli mountains of Wales, 150 miles away.

The standing stones marked the end of the avenue C __________________, a 1¾-⁠mile long processional route constructed at the end of the Stone Age. The outer henge around the stones was built about 2400BC but arrowheads found in the stone circle indicate the stones were put up as much as 500 years earlier.

Parker Pearson said his team was waiting for results of radiocarbon dating

D __________________ whether stones currently in the inner circle of Stonehenge were originally located at the other riverside construction.

Pearson said: "The big, big question is when these stones were erected and when they were removed  — and when we get the dating evidence we can answer both those questions."

He added: "We speculated in the past E ____________________ at the end of the avenue near the river. But we were completely unprepared to discover that there was an entire stone circle. Another team member, Professor Julian Thomas, said the discovery indicated F _________________ was central to the religious lives of the people who built Stonehenge. "Old theories about Stonehenge that do not explain the evident significance of the river will have to be rethought," he said. Dr. Josh Pollard, project co-⁠director from the University of Bristol, described the discovery as "incredible".

1.  which could reveal

2.  which they stood

3.  which it was once made up

4.  that this stretch of the river Avon

5.  that there might have been something

6.  that it should be considered as integral part

7.  that leads from the river Avon to Stonehenge

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Australia was the last great landmass to be discovered by the Europeans. The continent they eventually discovered had already been inhabited for tens of thousands of years.

Australia is an island continent A _______________________ is the result of gradual changes wrought over millions of years.

B _______________________, Australia is one of the most stable land masses, and for about 100 million years has been free of the forces that have given rise to huge mountain ranges elsewhere.

From the east coast a narrow, fertile strip merges into the greatly eroded Great Dividing Range, C _______________________.

The mountains are merely reminders of the mighty range, D _______________________. Only in the section straddling the New South Wales border with Victoria and in Tasmania, are they high enough to have winter snow.

West of the range of the country becomes increasingly flat and dry. The endless flatness is broken only by salt lakes, occasional mysterious protuberances and some mountains E _______________________. In places the scant vegetation is sufficient to allow some grazing. However, much of the Australian outback is a barren land of harsh stone deserts and dry lakes.

The extreme north of Australia, the Top End, is a tropical area within the monsoon belt. F _______________________, it comes in more or less one short, sharp burst. This has prevented the Top End from becoming seriously productive area.

1.  that once stood here

2.  that is almost continent long

3.  whose property is situated to the north of Tasmania

4.  whose landscape  — much of bleak and inhospitable

5.  whose beauty reminds of the MacDonald Ranges

6.  Although its annual rainfall looks adequate on paper

7.  Although there is still seismic activity in the eastern highland area

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. To most people, its name immediately brings to mind the picture of a detective  — cool, efficient, ready to track down any criminal, or a helmeted police constable  — A ___________________ and trusty helper of every traveller from overseas.

Scotland Yard is situated on the Thames Embankment close to the Houses of Parliament and the familiar clock tower of Big Ben, and its jurisdiction extends over 740 square miles with the exception of the ancient City of London, B _________________.

One of the most successful developments in Scotland Yard’s crime detection and emergency service has been the "999 system". On receipt of a call the 999 Room operator ascertains by electronic device the position of the nearest available police car, C __________________. Almost instantly a message is also sent by teleprinter to the police station concerned so that within seconds of a call for assistance being received, a police car is on its way to the scene. An old-⁠established section of the Metropolitan police is the Mounted Branch, with its strength of about 200 horses stabled at strategic points. These horses are particularly suited to ceremonial occasions, D __________________.

An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used as an experiment in 1939. Now these dogs are an important part of the Force. One dog, for example, can search a warehouse in ten minutes, E _________.

There is also the River Police, or Thames Division, which deals with all crimes occurring within its river boundaries.

There are two other departments of Scotland Yard  — the Witness Room (known as the Rogues’ Gallery) where a photographic record of known and suspected criminals is kept, and the Museum, F _________________.

1.  which is contacted by radio

2.  that familiar figure of the London scene

3.  for they are accustomed to military bands

4.  which possesses its own separate police force

5.  which contains murder relics and forgery exhibits

6.  that this policeman will bring the criminal to justice

7.  whereas the same search would take six men an hour

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Students of Durham University are being given the chance to sign up to what is thought to be the UK’s first course focusing on the world of Harry Potter. Although every English-⁠speaking person in the world knows about Harry Potter books and films, few have thought of using them as a guide to... modern life.

The Durham University module uses the works of JK Rowling A ______ modern society. "Harry Potter and the Age of Illusion" will be available for study next year. So far about 80 undergraduates have signed В ______ a BA degree in Education Studies. Future

educationalists will analyse JK Rowling’s fanfiction from various points of view.

A university spokesman said: "This module places the Harry Potter novels in a wider social and cultural context." He added that a number of themes would be explored, С ______ the classroom, bullying, friendship and solidarity and the ideals of and good citizenship.

The module was created by the head of the Department of Education at Durham University. He said the idea for the new module had appeared in response D ______ body: "It seeks to place the series in its wider social and cultural context and will explore some fundamental issues E ______ . You just need to read the academic writing which started F ______ that Harry Potter is worthy of serious study."

1.  up for the optional module, part of

2.  to emerge four or five years ago to see

3.  to examine prejudice, citizenship and bullying in

4.  such as the response of the writer

5.  including the world of rituals, prejudice and intolerance in

6.  to growing demand from the student

7.  such as the moral universe of the school

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

The first hoots of laughter from an ancient ancestor of humans could be heard at least 10 million years ago, according to the results of a new study. Researchers used recordings of apes and babies being tickled A ______ to the last common ancestor that humans shared with the modern great apes, which include chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The finding challenges the opinion В ______, suggesting instead that it emerged long before humans split from the evolutionary path that led to our primate cousins, between 10m and 16m years ago.

"In humans, laughing can be the strongest way of expressing how much we are enjoying ourselves, but it can also be used in other contexts, like making fun of someone," said Marina Davila Ross, a psychologist at Portsmouth University. "I was interested in С ______."

Davila Ross travelled to seven zoos around Europe and visited a wildlife reserve in Sabah, Borneo, to record baby and juvenile apes D ______. Great apes are known to make noises that are similar to laughter when they are excited and while they are playing with each other.

Davila Ross collected recordings of laughter from 21 chimps, gorillas, orangutans and bonobos and added recordings of three babies that were tickled to make them laugh.

To analyze the recordings, the team put them into a computer program. "Our evolutionary tree based on these acoustic recordings alone showed E ______, but furthest from orangutans, with gorillas somewhere in the middle." said Davila Ross. "What this shows is strong evidence to suggest F ______."

1.  whether laughing emerged earlier on than humans did

2.  to create the evolutionary tree linking humans and apes

3.   that laughter is a uniquely human trait

4.   that humans were closest to chimps and bonobos

5.  that laughing comes from a common primate ancestor

6.  while their caretakers tickled them

7.  to trace the origin of laughter back

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

For 1,000 years the indigenous Nenets people have migrated along the 450-⁠mile-⁠long Yamal peninsula in northern Russia. In summer they wander northwards, taking their reindeer with them. In winter they return southwards.

But this remote region of north-⁠west Siberia is now being affected by global warming. Traditionally the Nenets travel across the frozen River Ob in November A ______ around Nadym. These days, though, this annual winter migration is delayed. Last year the Nenets, together with many thousands of reindeer, had to wait until late December В ______.

"Our reindeer were hungry. There wasn’t enough food," Jakov Japtik, a Nenets reindeer herder, said. "The snow is melting sooner, quicker and faster than before. In spring it’s difficult for the reindeer to pull the sledges. They get tired," Japtik said.

Herders say that the peninsula’s weather is increasingly unpredictable  — with unseasonal snowstorms С ______, and milder longer autumns. In winter, temperatures used to go down to −50 °C. Now they are normally around −30 °C, according to Japtik. "Obviously we prefer −30 °C. But the changes aren’t good for the reindeer D ______," he said, setting off on his sledge to round up his reindeer herd.

Even here, in one of the most remote parts of the planet, E ______. Last year the Nenets arrived at a regular summer camping spot and discovered that half of their lake had disappeared. The water had drained away after a landslide. The Nenets report other curious changes  — there are fewer mosquitoes and a strange increase in flies. Scientists say there is unmistakable evidence F ______.

1.  when the ice was finally thick enough to cross

2.  that the impact on Russia would be disastrous

3.  the environment is under pressure

4.   and in the end what is good for the reindeer is good for us

5.   and set up their camps in the southern forests

6.  that Yamal’s ancient permafrost is melting

7.  when the reindeer give birth in May

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

The world’s population is about to reach a landmark of huge social and economic importance, when the proportion of the global population over 65 outnumbers children under 5 for the first time. A new report by the US census bureau shows A ______, with enormous consequences for both rich and poor nations.

The rate of growth will shoot up in the next couple of years. The В ______ a combination of the high birth rates after the Second World War and more recent improvements in health that are bringing down death rates at older ages. Separate UN forecasts predict that the global population will be more than nine billion by 2050.

The US census bureau was the first to sound the С ______. Its latest forecasts warn governments and international bodies that this change in population structure will bring widespread challenges at every level of human organization, starting with the structure of the family, which will be transformed as people live longer. This will in turn place new burdens on carers and social services providers, D ______ for health services and pensions systems.

"People are living longer and, in some parts of the world, healthier lives," the authors conclude. "This represents one of the greatest achievements of the last century but also a significant challenge E ______ ."

Ageing will put pressure on societies at all levels. One way of measuring that is to look at the older dependency ratio, F ______ population that must be supported by them. The ODR is the number of people aged 65 and over for every 100 people aged 20 to 64. It varies widely, from just six in Kenya to 33 in Italy and Japan. The UK has an ODR of 26, and the US has 21.

1.  which recently replaced Italy as the world’s oldest major country

2.  alarm about these changes

3.  a huge shift towards an ageing population

4.  change is due to

5.  while patterns of work and retirement will have huge implications

6.  which shows the balance between working-⁠age people and the older

7.  as proportions of older people increase in most countries

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

St Andrews University researchers discovered that elephants could recognise the degree of danger posed by various groups of individuals. The study found that African elephants always reacted with fear A ______ previously worn by men of the Maasai tribe. They are known to demonstrate their courage by В ______ .

The elephants also responded aggressively to red clothing, which defines traditional Maasai dress.

However, the elephants showed a much milder reaction to clothing previously worn by the Kamba people, С ______ and pose little threat.

The researchers first presented elephants with clean, red clothing and with red clothing that had been worn for five days by D ______.

They revealed that Maasai-⁠smelt clothing motivated elephants to travel significantly faster in the first minute after they moved away.

They then investigated whether elephants could also use the colour of clothing as a cue to classify a potential threat and found the elephants reacted with aggression E ______. This suggested that they associated the colour red with the Maasai.

The researchers believe the distinction in the elephants’ emotional reaction to smell and colour might be explained by F ______. They might be able to distinguish among different human groups according to the level of risk they posed.

"We regard this experiment as just a start to investigating precisely how elephants ‘see the world’, and it may be that their abilities will turn out to equal or exceed those of our closer relatives, the monkeys and apes," researchers added.

1.  either a Maasai or a Kamba man

2.  who do not hunt elephants

3.  when they detected the smell of clothes

4.  who carried out the research

5.  the amount of risk they sense

6.  spearing elephants

7.  when they spotted red but not white cloth

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

In less than twenty years, the mobile telephone has gone from being rare, expensive equipment of the business elite to a pervasive, low-⁠cost personal item. In many countries, mobile telephones A ______; in the U.S., 50 per cent of children have mobile telephones. In many young adults’ households it has supplanted the land-⁠line telephone. The mobile phone is В ______, such as North Korea.

Paul Levinson in his 2004 book Cellphone argues that by looking back through history we can find many precursors to the idea of people simultaneously walking and talking on a mobile phone. Mobile phones are the next extension in portable media, that now can be С ______ into one device. Levinson highlights that as the only mammal to use only two out of our four limbs to walk, we are left two hands free D ______  — like talking on a mobile phone.

Levinson writes that "Intelligence and inventiveness, applied to our need to communicate regardless of where we may be, led logically and eventually to telephones that we E ______."

Given the high levels of societal mobile telephone service penetration, it is a key means for people F ______. The SMS feature spawned the "texting" sub-⁠culture. In December 1993, the first person-⁠to-⁠person SMS text message was transmitted in Finland. Currently, texting is the most widely-⁠used data service; 1.8 billion users generated $80 billion of revenue in 2006.

1.  to perform other actions

2.  outnumber traditional telephones

3.  to communicate with each other 

4.  combined with the Internet

5.  to serve basic needs

6.  banned in some countries

7.  carry in our pockets

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

My family moved to Rockaway, New Jersey in the summer of 1978. It was there that my dreams of stardom began.

I was nine years old. Heather Lambrix lived next door, and she and I became best friends. I thought she was so lucky A ______. She took tap and jazz and got to wear cool costumes with bright sequences and makeup and perform on stage. I went to all of her recitals and В ______.

My living room and sometimes the garage were my stage. I belonged to a cast of four, which consisted of Heather, my two younger sisters, Lisa and Faith, and I. Since I was the oldest and the bossiest, I was the director. Heather came with her own costumes С ______. We choreographed most of our dance numbers as we went along. Poor Faith... we would throw her around D ______. She was only about four or five ... and so agile. We danced around in our bathing suits to audiocassettes and records from all the Broadway musicals. We’d put a small piece of plywood on the living room carpet, E ______ . And I would imitate her in my sneakers on the linoleum in the hall. I was a dancer in the making.

My dad eventually converted a part of our basement into a small theater. He hung two "spotlights" and a sheet for a curtain. We performed dance numbers to tunes like "One" and "The Music and the Mirror" from A Chorus Line. I sang all the songs from Annie. I loved to sing, F ___________. I just loved to sing. So I belted out songs like "Tomorrow", "Maybe" and "What I Did For Love." I knew then, this is what I wanted to do with my life.

1.  like she was a rag doll

2.  whether I was good at it or not

3.  wished I, too, could be on stage

4.  and I designed the rest

5.  and I was star struck

6.  so Heather could do her tap routine

7.  because she got to go to dance lessons

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Sergeant Podge, a Norwegian Forest Cat, disappears from his owner’s home in a small town in Kent, every night. But what baffles his owner, Liz Bullard, mostly is the fact that the next morning, the 12-⁠year-⁠old cat always pops up in exactly the same place, A ______. And every morning Ms. Bullard takes her son to school before collecting Sergeant Podge.

She said that the routine had set in earlier this year, when Sergeant Podge disappeared one day. Ms. Bullard spent hours telephoning her neighbours В ______.

An elderly woman living about one and a half miles away called back to inform Ms. Bullard that she had found a cat matching Sergeant Podge’s description. Ms. Bullard picked him up but within days he vanished from sight again. She rang the elderly woman С ______.

She said a routine has now become established, where each morning she takes her son to school before driving to collect Sergeant Podge D ______.

It is thought Sergeant Podge walks across a golf course every night to reach his destination.

Ms. Bullard said: "If it’s raining he may be in the bush but he comes running if I clap my hands." All she has to do is open the car passenger door from the inside for Sergeant Podge to jump in.

Ms. Bullard also makes the trip at weekends and during school holidays  — E ______.

She does not know why, after 12 years, Sergeant Podge has begun the routine but explained that another woman who lived nearby used to feed him sardines, and that he may be F ______.

His owner doesn’t mind his wandering off at night as long as she knows where to collect him.

1.  on the look-⁠out for more treats

2.  from the pavement between 0800 and 0815 GMT

3.  to discover Sergeant Podge was back outside her home

4.  on a pavement about one and a half miles (2.4 km) away

5.  to identify if anyone had bumped into him

6.  when her son is having a lie-⁠in

7.  collected by car every morning

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

When I arrived in England I thought I knew English. After I’d been here an hour I realized that I did not understand one word. In the first week I picked up a tolerable working knowledge of the language and the next seven years convinced me gradually but thoroughly that I A ______, let alone perfectly. This is sad. My only consolation being that nobody speaks English perfectly.

Remember that those five hundred words an average Englishman uses are B ______. You may learn another five hundred and another five thousand and yet another fifty thousand and still you may come across a further fifty thousand C ______.

If you live here long enough you will find out to your greatest amazement that the adjective nice is not the only adjective the language possesses, in spite of the fact that D ______. You can say that the weather is nice, a restaurant is nice, Mr. Soandso is nice, Mrs. Soandso’s clothes are nice, you had a nice time, E ______.

Then you have to decide on your accent. The easiest way to give the impression of having a good accent or no foreign accent at all is to hold an unlit pipe in your mouth, to mutter between your teeth and finish all your sentences with the question: "isn’t it?" People will not understand much, but they are accustomed to that and they will get a F ______.

1.  whatever it costs

2.  most excellent impression

3.  you have never heard of before, and nobody else either

4.  in the first three years you do not need to learn or use any other adjectives

5.  would never know it really well

6.  far from being the whole vocabulary of the language

7.  and all this

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, scientists thought they knew the universe. They were wrong.

The Hubble Space Telescope has changed many scientists’ view of the universe. The telescope is named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, A ______.

He established that many galaxies exist and developed the first system for their classifications.

In many ways, Hubble is like any other telescope. It simply gathers light. It is roughly the size of a large school bus. What makes Hubble special is not what it is, B ______.

Hubble was launched in 1990 from the "Discovery" space shuttle and it is about 350 miles above our planet, C ______.

It is far from the glare of city lights, it doesn’t have to look through the air, D ______.

And what a view it is! Hubble is so powerful it could spot a fly on the moon. Yet in an average orbit, it uses the same amount of energy as 28100-⁠watt light bulbs. Hubble pictures require no film. The telescope takes digital images E ______.

Hubble has snapped photos of storms on Saturn and exploding stars. Hubble doesn’t just focus on our solar system. It also peers into our galaxy and beyond. Many Hubble photos show the stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy. A galaxy is a city of stars.

Hubble cannot take pictures of the sun or other very bright objects, because doing so could "fry" the telescope’s instruments, but it can detect infrared and ultra violet light F ______.

Some of the sights of our solar system that Hubble has glimpsed may even change the number of planets in it.

1.  which is above Earth’s atmosphere

2.  which are transmitted to scientists on Earth

3.  which is invisible to the human eye

4.  who calculated the speed at which galaxies move

5.  so it has a clear view of space

6.  because many stars are in clouds of gas

7.  but where it is

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

The science of sound, or acoustics, as it is often called, has been made over radically within a comparatively short space of time. Not so long ago the lectures on sound in colleges and high schools dealt chiefly with the vibrations of such things as the air columns in organ pipes. Nowadays, however, thanks chiefly to a number of electronic instruments engineers can study sounds as effectively A ______. The result has been a new approach to research in sound. Scientists have been able to make far-⁠reaching discoveries in many fields of acoustics B ______.

Foremost among the instruments that have revolutionized the study of acoustics are electronic sound-⁠level meters also known as sound meters and sound-⁠intensity meters. These are effective devices that first convert sound waves into weak electric signals, then amplify the signals through electronic means C ______. The intensity of a sound is measured in units called decibels. "Zero" sound is the faintest sound D ______. The decibel measures the ratio of the intensity of a given sound to the standard "zero" sound. The decibel scale ranges from 0 to 130. An intensity of 130 decibels is perceived not only as a sound, but also E ______. The normal range of painlessly audible sounds for the average human ear is about 120 decibels. For forms of life other than ourselves, the range can be quite different.

The ordinary sound meter measures the intensity of a given sound, rather than its actual loudness. Under most conditions, however, it is a quite good indicator of loudness. Probably the loudest known noise ever heard by human ears was that of the explosive eruption in August, 1883, of the volcano of Krakatoa in the East Indies. No electronic sound meters, of course, were in existence then, but physicists estimate that the sound at its source must have had an intensity of 190 decibels, F ______.

1.  and finally measure them

2.  since it was heard 3,000 miles away

3.  and they have been able to put many of these discoveries to practical use

4.  that loud sound is of high intensity

5.  as they study mechanical forces

6.  as a painful sensation in the ear

7.  that the unaided human ear can detect

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Chocolate is made from a number of raw and processed foods produced from the seeds of tropical cacao trees. Cacao has been cultivated in A ______ at least 3000 years. For most of this time it was made into a drink called, in translation  — "bitter water". This is because В ______ to be fermented to develop a palatable flavour. After fermentation the beans are dried and roasted and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs. These are then ground and liquefied into chocolate liquor. The liquor is then processed into cocoa solids or cocoa butter. Pure chocolate contains primarily cocoa solids and butter in different proportions. Much of С ______ with added sugar. Milk chocolate is sweetened chocolate that additionally contains either milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate on the other D ______ is therefore not a true chocolate. Chocolate contains theobromine and phenethylamine which have physiological effects on the body. It is similar to serotonin levels in the brain. Scientists claim E ______ , can lower blood pressure. Recently, dark chocolate has also been promoted for its health benefits. But pet owners should remember that the presence of theobromine makes it toxic to cats and dogs. Chocolate is now one F ______ , although 16 of the top 20 chocolate consuming countries are in Europe. Also interesting is that 66% of world chocolate is consumed between meals.

1.  the chocolate consumed today is made

2.  that chocolate, eaten in moderation

3.  central and southern America for

4.  of the world’s most popular flavours

5.  hand contains no cocoa solids and

6.  cacao seeds are intensely bitter and have

7.  many countries worldwide at

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Reality TV seems to dominate broadcasting these days. But what is it, how did it emerge and why on earth is it so popular? The first question is easily answered. Reality TV A ______ presents unscripted, dramatic or humorous situations or events. It can involve celebrities В ______ of the public. Reality TV has been gradually growing in importance for over 60 years. "Candid Camera"  — the show that filmed ordinary people reacting to set ups and pranks  — started in 1948. Some people, however, believe it was the Japanese with their awful shows in the 1980s and 90s that brought reality TV to centre stage. Others believe С ______ that is called "Big Brother" was the show that spawned the reality TV age. But why are the shows so popular? Different theories come to life. Some believe that it is D ______ we like to watch horrible behaviour: the same instinct that once inspired the ancient Romans to go and watch gladiators destroy each other at the Coliseum. Others suggest a kind of voyeurism is involved there  — an unhealthy curiosity to spy on other people’s lives.

Whatever the real reason  — the trend seems to have already peaked. A lot of such shows E ______ or are expected to go in the near future. And the replacement seems to be talents shows  — watching competitions in dance, singing and general entertainment. Does it mean that people are changing? It is too early to say. Most agree that these F ______ .

1.  due to basic human instinct that

2.  is still early to judge

3.  are simply the cycles of fashion

4.  but more usually the stars are members

5.  that the television phenomenon

6.  is a type of programme that

7.  seem to have disappeared

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Mikhail Lomonosov was one of the intellectual titans of XVIII century. His interests ranged from history, rhetoric, art and poetry A ______. Alexander Pushkin described him as В ______ , whose lifelong passion was learning.

Lomonosov’s activity is a manifestation of the enormous potential of the Russian scientific community. Peter I reformed Russia, which allowed the country to reach the standard of С ______ many spheres. Great importance was placed on education. St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, established a university and a grammar school to educate intellectuals and researchers the country needed; however, these educational establishments could not fulfill the task they took on. It was Michail Lomonosov D ______ of establishing a university in Moscow. An influential courtier and the E ______ Count Shuvalov supported Lomonosov's plans for a new university and presented them to the Empress.

In 1755, on 25 January-⁠St. Tatiana's Day according to the Russian Orthodox Church calendar  — Elizaveta signed the decree that a university should be founded in Moscow. The opening ceremony took place on 26 April, when Elizaveta's coronation day was celebrated. Since 1755 25 January and 26 April F ______ Moscow University; the annual conference where students present the results of their research work is traditionally held in April.

1.  who suggested in his letter to Count Shuvalov the idea

2.  to mechanics, chemistry and mineralogy

3.  a person of formidable willpower and keen scientific mind

4.  favourite of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, the patron of arts and science

5.  the contemporary European powers in

6.  are marked by special events and festivities at

7.  famous among all educated people

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

The day would be spent with my best friends Kath and Kate. We are actually three Catherines (by birth spelt with a C), A ______ we are all K’s: Kat (that’s me), Kath and Kate  — the 3K Window Shopping gang!

Window shopping is simply wonderful. You can look at any outfit. You can try on В ______ not a single item on sale for which the price is a problem. You will try something on, ponder, pout, twirl, think hard, check yourself in the mirror one last time and finally reflect С ______ right for you! The highlight of this regular adventure however, is generally the 3K chocolate and ice cream break in the Shopping Centre’s top floor café. Of course we do not believe that we are wasting anyone’s time. We do D ______ as well, but a reliable equation for us is  — 3Ks + shopping mall = a good time.

But E  ______ out to be especially memorable. One of the stores had a questionnaire lottery with the first prize being a voucher worth £200. We filled in the question forms while in the café and returned to the store by their 2.00 pm deadline. Kate won the first prize but we had decided in advance that if any of us won something, we would share equally: All for one К and one for all! At this point our morning of window shopping paid off. We completed F ______ slightly less than 10 minutes: three skirts, three hats and three belts and three very OK, K’s.

1.  not like to kill our time

2.  that it’s probably not quite

3.  that particular day turned

4.  our real shopping in

5.  sometimes go shopping for real

6.  anything you want and there is

7.  but when we are together

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

"Have you stayed with us before sir?" asked the receptionist. His accent sounded middle-⁠European; Czech possibly or Polish. Actually I hadn’t stayed at this particular hotel before A ______ to many others from the same chain that I had stayed at. "No  — first time" I replied with unnecessary brevity. The thing is I always feel В ______ rather than treated as an individual. Every word that I was about to hear, I had heard before  — delivered no doubt from the depths of a tourism and hospitality course. "Welcome to Newcastle sir. Is this your first visit to our city? Can I trouble you to complete this form? Actually the first two lines and the signature at the bottom will do. Would you like С ______, Sir? This will automatically unlock room facilities like mini-⁠bar and telephone and any other extras you may require. Can I see your passport sir?" The questions and information D ______ responses were actually required and I handed over my passport, credit card and partly filled out form. I was tempted to write under name and address "Donald Duck, Duck Towers, Disney Street"  — E ______ ever read the form again. But being a creature of habit I wrote my real name and address. While my card was being processed I looked across the reception area through the wall height windows to the beautiful River Tyne. A wave of nostalgia came over me. It was good to be back. I found myself thinking about her again and wondering F ______ a voice broke in: "It’s a plastic key card sir. You also need it to activate the lift and when you get to your room, plug it into the switch on the left as you open the door. It will automatically supply electricity to the room. Any help with your baggage? No? Then enjoy your stay". The accomplished young Pole smiled as he delivered the final command and duly processed, I proceeded to the card activated lift.

1.  me to take a print of your credit card

2.  points poured out smoothly, no verbal

3.  if I would even see her when

4.  although it seemed virtually identical

5.  so sure was I that nobody would

6.  me to help you with your luggage

7.  as if I am being processed like a product

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Mobile phones On New Year’s Day, 1985, Michael Harrison phoned his father, Sir Ernest, to wish him a happy new year. Sir Ernest was chairman of Racal Electronics, the owner of Vodafone, A _______________________.

At the time, mobile phones weighed almost a kilogram, cost several thousand pounds and provided only 20 minutes talktime. The networks themselves were small; Vodafone had just a dozen masts covering London. Nobody had any idea of the huge potential of wireless communication and the dramatic impact B _______________________.

Hardly anyone believed there would come a day when mobile phones were so popular C _______________________. But in 1999 one mobile phone was sold in the UK every four seconds, and by 2004 there were more mobile phones in the UK than people. The boom was a result of increased competition which pushed prices lower and created innovations in the way that mobiles were sold.

When the government introduced more competition, companies started cutting prices to attract more customers. Cellnet, for example, changed its prices, D _______________________. It also introduced local call tariffs.

The way that handsets themselves were marketed was also changing and it was Finland’s Nokia who made E _______________________. In the late 1990s Nokia realized that the mobile phone was a fashion item: so it offered interchangeable covers which allowed you to customize and personalize your handset.

The mobile phone industry has spent the later part of the past decade reducing its monthly charge F _______________________, which has culminated in the fight between the iPhone and a succession of touch screen rivals.

1.  trying to persuade people to do more with their phones than just call and text

2.  that there would be more phones in the UK than there are people

3.  and relying instead on actual call charges

4.  that mobile phones would have over the next quarter century

5.  the leap from phones as technology to phones as fashion items

6.  and his son was making the first-⁠ever mobile phone call in the UK

7.  the move to digital technology, connecting machines to wireless networks

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

The Congress of the United States of America is an important part of the US federal government.

It is an assembly of elected representatives A ___________________ but not to select the chief executive of the nation; that individual is elected by the people.

Congress is not a single organization; it is a vast and complex collection of organizations B ___________________ and through which members of Congress form alliances.

C ___________________, in which political parties are the only important

kind of organization, parties are only one of many important units in Congress.

In fact other organizations have grown in number D ___________________.

The Democrats and Republicans in the House and the Senate are organized by party leaders, E __________________ within the House and Senate. The party structure is essentially the same in the House as in the Senate, though the titles of various posts are different.

But leadership carries more power in the House than in the Senate because of the House rules. F ___________________, the House must restrict debate and schedule its business with great care; thus leaders who do the scheduling and who determine how the rules shall be applied usually have substantial influence.

1.  as party influence has declined

2.  against the spirit of the Constitution

3.  being so large (435 members)

4.  empowered to make laws

5.  unlike the British Parliament

6.  by which the business of Congress is carried on

7.  who in turn are elected by the full party membership

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

In the early 1800s, the area that would become the western United States was completely undeveloped.

Explorers, hunters, traders, and settlers had to blaze their own trails. A _____________ to move possessions and supplies became common place.

Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans had a God-⁠given right to take over the continent. As they moved west, settlers used this policy B ______________________ to new people and territories.

Trails increased trade opportunities between western and eastern regions, and the U.S. economy prospered C ___________________________ on each other for goods.

To achieve Manifest Destiny, the United States purchased land from other countries or conquered territory D _______________________ until its borders stretched from coast to coast.

More than one-⁠half million people chose to travel West on trails between 1800 and 1870, E _____________________.

As new technology spread across the West, however, the use of trails came to an end. The railroads built thousands of miles of tracks, and, F _____________________, a cheap, relatively safe, and quick way to transport people and supplies to western areas existed.

1.  to spread U.S. ideas and government

2.  for the first time in history

3.  thus replacing them forever

4.  as territories became interdependent

5.  the use of covered wagons

6.  by taking land from Native people

7.  forming the largest mass migration in history

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

The European Union (EU) is committed to supporting the rights of its citizens to personal and professional mobility, and their ability to communicate with each other. It does so by A _____________________ to promote the teaching and learning of European languages. These programmes have at least one thing in common: they cover cross-⁠border projects involving partners from two, and often three or more, EU countries.

The EU programmes are designed to complement the national education policies of member countries. Each government is responsible for its own national education policy, B _____________________. What the EU programmes do is to create links between countries and regions via joint projects, C _____________________.

Since 2007 the main programmes have been put under the overall umbrella of the EU’s lifelong learning programme. All languages are eligible for support under this programme: official languages, regional, minority and migrant languages, D_____________________. There are national information centres in each country, E _____________________.

The cultural programmes of the EU also promote linguistic and cultural diversity in a number of ways. The "Media" programme funds the dubbing and subtitling of European films for F _____________________. The "Culture" programme builds cross-⁠cultural bridges by supporting the translation of modern authors into other EU languages.

1.  and the languages of the EU’s major trading partners

2.  which includes language teaching and learning

3.  cinemas and television in other EU countries

4.  which enhance the impact of language teaching and learning

5.  funding a number of educational programmes

6.  and encouraging people to learn new languages

7.  where details about the application procedures are given

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

What are the reasons for starting your own business? One of them is because you believe you are the best in that line or because you have a product or service that has never been offered to the market before. Another is that you are a person in a real hurry and cannot suffer the A ___________ to reach your goals. Sometimes it is because you have an inheritance B _____________ soon after you set up a business or that there already is a cash purse with loose strings and you want to make the best of this bonanza.

If your reasons are any or all of the above, abandon the thought right now and save yourself the disillusionment C ____________into the world of commerce.

Start your own business just for the sake of doing a trade, or for D ___________. Do not burden yourself with lofty notions of superiority when compared to your peers. When setting out to start your own business, be emotional about it, but not impractical; don’t be led by your heart, but be dictated by your mind.

Having covered those parts that are not taught in a business school, let us look at E ____________ your own business. You should start with a SWOT analysis  — strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats  — analyze these for yourself, for partners in your business, if any, and for the business itself.

If the result of the analysis is encouraging, then prepare a business plan. It is like a road map for actions in the near foreseeable future to achieve your business goals. Finally, execute the business plan with precision; tweak it as you go along, only so that it helps to meet the end goal of successfully F _____________ the business.

1.  the essentials of starting

2.  that awaits when you step

3.  trials and tribulations of employment

4.  establishing and conducting

5.  preparing a business plan

6.  waiting to be acquired

7.  undertaking the commercial activity

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

London has a well-⁠deserved reputation as one of the greenest cities in Europe, with a huge number of open spaces across the center of the city. Tourists A _______________________ can always relax in a lovely, quiet London park.

The Royal Parks, such as St James’s, Green Park, the Regent’s Park, Hyde Park, Richmond, Greenwich, Bushy Park and Kensington Gardens, are beautifully maintained and popular with locals and visitors alike. Many are former hunting estates of English monarchs, preserved as open space B _______________________. They are ideal places to relax and sunbathe in summer, enjoy gorgeous flower beds in spring C _______________________.

The Royal Parks provide fantastic green routes in London D _______________________ and through some of the most attractive areas of the capital. Picnics in the parks are also a popular activity especially during the busy summer months.

Dogs are welcome in all the Royal Parks, although there are some places E _______________________. These are clearly indicated within each park and are usually ecologically sensitive sites, children's play areas, restaurants, cafes and some sports areas. Ground nesting birds are particularly sensitive to disturbance by dogs and people. So it is necessary to observe the warning signs F _______________________. In Bushy Park and Richmond Park dogs should be kept away from the deer.

The Royal Parks are for everyone to enjoy.

1.  that are displayed during the nesting season

2.  while the city has grown up around them

3.  and admire the changing leaves as autumn arrives

4.  where they are not allowed or should be kept on a lead

5.  who are tired of the noise, crowds and excitement of sightseeing

6.  who does not know the route to the place of destination

7.  that take cyclists away from traffic

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Wales is a small country of just over 3 million people, on the north west seaboard of Europe. Despite many historical incursions of other peoples, particularly the English, it has preserved its ancient Celtic language, A ___________________________. Welsh is habitually spoken by about 10% of the people, half understood by a further 10%, and not spoken at all by the majority in this ‘bilingual’ society.

Up to the First World War most people were Welsh speaking, especially in the mountains of North Wales. The English-⁠speaking areas were along the more fertile coastal plains. On the whole there was an easy tolerance of the two languages, B ___________________________.

By 1919 there was a considerable drop in Welsh speakers. This was due to the large flows of capital investment from England into the South Wales coalfield, C ___________________________.

Now, D ___________________________, commerce and everyday business were carried out in English.

In the rural mountain areas 80% to 85% of the population were Welsh speakers, E ___________________________. However, in the coalfield country of Glamorgan 70% spoke English only, and in its neighbour border county the figure was over 90%.

By 1931 the number of people able to speak Welsh in the whole of Wales had fallen to 37% of the population, F ___________________________. It continued to drop and reached its lowest  — 18.6%  — in the 1990s. But by the start of the 21st century, numbers had begun to increase again and reached 21.7% in 2004!

1.  as well as education and the law

2.  the only one of a number of allied languages that remain

3.  with radio and the English press further speeding the decline

4.  many being able to speak Welsh only

5.  where Welsh was studied as language and literature in an academic manner

6.  apart from the fact that Welsh was not permitted to be used at all in the schools

7.  bringing a flood of immigrant labour from all over Britain

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

There are places in the world where people live longer than anywhere else. The remote Japanese island of Okinawa is one of these places. While the lifespan in Britain is 77 years for men and 81 for women, Okinawa has a population of about one million, of which 900 are centenarians  — A __________________ in Britain or the USA. So what is their secret of long life?

"The calendar may say they're 80, but their body says they're 60," says Bradley Willcox, a scientist researching the extraordinary phenomenon. The research has shown hormonal differences between Okinawans and B __________________ but their longevity has been linked to diet. They eat more tofu and soya than any other people in the world and also enjoy a range of different fruit and vegetables, all rich in anti-⁠oxidants. But the most significant thing isn't what they eat but how much. The Okinawans C __________________ known as 'hara hachi bu', which translates as 'eat until you are only 80 % full'.

Scientists refer to this way of eating as 'caloric restrictions'. No-⁠one knows exactly why it works, but scientists believe it D __________________ that there is the danger of famine. This in turn E __________________ and so may lead to better preservation and slower aging.

"It's a stark contrast with the cultural habits that drive food consumption in F __________________ " says Mr. Willcox. If we look at high streets and supermarkets in most other countries, you will see that he is right. Restaurants offer all-⁠you-⁠can-⁠eat menus and supersize portions. Supermarkets are full of special offers encouraging us to buy more food than we need.

1.  make it a healthy diet

2.  other parts of the world

3.  four times higher than the average

4.  have a cultural tradition

5.  sends a signal to the body

6.  the rest of the population

7.  makes the body protect itself

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Have you ever wondered why people read? Why reading is one of the few things A _________________ for thousands of years? Even before reading became available to the general public, stories were told around campfires, passed down

from generation to generation.

First of all, stories are a good way to escape from your ordinary life, to get immersed in another world, if only for a little time. While reading, you can imagine yourself in different situations B __________________, but in the moment that doesn’t matter. Whether you’re suffering from depression or are just bored, reading is a great distraction.

Similarly, another reason people are attracted to stories, is because they are lonely, very often they feel as if they are the only ones in the world C ___________________. Identifying with a fictional character can make a big difference in helping people understand D ________________.

Other people read because it can be a good way to relax. It can be very nice to sit down and enjoy a good plot unfold, to watch the actions of fictional characters from the side, and to see the consequences of these actions,

E ______________.

Lastly, people read because it is the easiest way to gain knowledge in a certain area. Instead of finding a teacher, you can just find a book, sit down, and spend a few hours reading. This way you can study wherever you want, whenever you want F ________________.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

1.  try to avoid the boredom of life

2.  that has consistently remained part of society

3.  that they are not alone

4.  going through something difficult

5.  without having to bear any responsibility

6.  that range from unlikely to impossible

7.  at your own pace

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _________________.

Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B __________________. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ___________________, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D ________________. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E ______________. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again.

Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F ________________. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

1.  which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes

2.  whenever it rains

3.  to find water as far as 25 metres away

4.  which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually

5.  to better distribute their body heat and stay cool

6.  even though the desert environment is very dry and hot

7.  that help them to live in the desert

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Nevsky Prospect is the main and most famous street of St. Petersburg. The unique architectural ensemble of Nevsky Prospect was formed during the 18th  — early 20th centuries. It starts from the bank of the Neva River, runs through the centre of the city and ends at the Neva River. The whole history of St. Petersburg can be seen in the history of the avenue. Nevsky Prospect is 4.5 km long and 25-⁠60 m wide. The narrowest section is located from the Admiralty to the Moika River, A _______________________.

After the construction of the Admiralty in 1704 and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in 1710, it was decided to build a road B _______________________ each other and with the Novgorod Path, which was used by Russian merchants. The construction began on both sides at the same time, the roads were laid through the wood, and in 1760s they were connected into one road, C _______________________, but with a turn at the Vosstaniya Square. Nevsky Prospect got its name only in 1783. The road was paved with cobble stones, D _______________________. It was the first street in St. Petersburg with gas lighting. By the early 20th century Nevsky Prospect had become the financial centre of Russia E _______________________ had their offices there.

Nowadays, Nevsky Prospect is the centre of cultural and social life of St. Petersburg. There are museums, theatres, exhibition halls, cinemas, restaurants, cafés, shops F _______________________.

1.  and hotels there or nearby the avenue

2.  showing the original width of the avenue

3.  which was not as straight as it was planned

4.  which were built by famous architects and

5.  connecting these two important structures with

6.  and a few rows of trees were planted along the street

7.  as the 40 largest banks of Russia, Europe and America

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, A _____________. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales.

Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world B _____________. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise

C  _____________ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. This helps them to track, identify, and survey

different species.

One of the threats facing whales and other marine animals is noise pollution in the seas, such as noise from drilling, military activities, oil exploration, and coastal construction. This noise can cause great distress to whales and dolphins and can D _____________.

It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, E _____________. If the Song of the Whale team can

F _____________, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.

1.  in using underwater microphones

2.  to locate food and find their way

3.  result in injury and even death

4.  track and identify their habitats

5.  to filter out food from the water

6.  to provide a platform for marine research

7.  when large numbers come ashore

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

"The Life of Pi" published in 2001 is the third book by the Canadian author Yann Martel. It has A _______________________, won several prizes and been translated into forty-⁠one languages.

At the start of the book, we B _______________________ in India. His father owns the city zoo and the family home is in the zoo. When they aren’t at school, Pi and his brother help their father at the zoo and he learns a lot about animals.

When Pi is sixteen, his parents decide to close the zoo and move to Canada. They travel by ship taking the animals with them. On the way, there is C _______________________. Sadly, Pi’s family and the sailors all die in the storm, but Pi lives and finds himself in a lifeboat with a hyena, zebra, orangutan and an enormous tiger. At first, Pi is scared of the animals and jumps into the ocean. Then he remembers there are sharks in the water and decides to climb back into the lifeboat. One by one, the animals in the lifeboat kill and eat each other, till only Pi and the tiger are left alive. Luckily for Pi, there is D _______________________, but he soon needs to start catching fish. He feeds the tiger to stop it killing and eating him. He also uses a whistle and E _______________________ and show it that he’s the boss.

Pi and the tiger spend 227 days in the lifeboat. They live through terrible storms and the burning heat of the Pacific sun. They are often hungry and ill. Finally, they arrive at the coast of Mexico, but you will have to F _______________________ in the end!

1.  read the book to find out what happens

2.  some food and water on the lifeboat

3.  his knowledge of animals to control the tiger

4.  received an award for being strong

5.  sold seven million copies worldwide

6.  learn about Pi’s childhood in Pondicherry

7.  a terrible storm and the ship sinks

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Brian Kane was a trash collector in Denver, Colorado. Year after year, A _______________________ Brian rode on the back of a garbage truck through the streets of this city. At each stop, he would jog quickly to the back of buildings, then drag heavy trash cans to the truck. Brian never complained  — even B _______________________ or cold wind turned his fingers into sticks of ice.

Brian saw these hardships C _______________________. His job was actually a training ground for his lifelong dream: to climb Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world. On his thirtieth birthday, Brian took a three-⁠month leave from his job and flew to Nepal. There he began the long, difficult journey up Mount Everest. Brian first climbed to a base camp. He stayed there for a couple of weeks D _______________________. Brian had also planned to bring three oxygen canisters with him to the summit, at 29,028 feet, it would be hard to survive without extra oxygen. Over the next two months, Brian climbed to 26,000 feet, to Camp Four  — the last place to rest below the summit. But when Brian saw this camp, he gasped and fell to his knees.

"Trash!" he cried. Nearly a thousand empty oxygen canisters littered the camp area. Humans had turned this beautiful remote place into a giant trash heap. Nevertheless, E _______________________, Brian continued to follow his dream.

Two days later he stood proudly on the peak of Mt. Everest. He had reached the "roof of the world"! Two days after this great achievement, Brian stuffed a dozen empty oxygen canisters in his pack and headed down the mountain. He smiled to himself F _______________________ that the work of a trash collector is never done.

1.  to get used to the thinner air

2.  eight hours a day, five days a week

3.  as he realized

4.  sad, but determined

5.  whatever happens in the future

6.  as opportunities to become strong and fit

7.  when sweat stung his eyes

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

How do blind people get around safely? Some people use special guide dogs. A well-⁠trained dog knows A _________________ cross busy streets and get from place to place. Some people use long white canes to help them get around.

Guide dogs and canes are helpful, but is there a better way B _________________? A scientist in England thought so. He is a zoologist named Dean Waters who studies bats. He knows that bats are able to fly in the dark without bumping into things. Also, he knows that bats go by using sound to "see". Dr. Waters wondered C _________________ .

Bats as they fly make squeaking or clicking sounds. These sounds travel outward in waves. When the waves hit an object D _________________, they echo, or bounce back. The waves travel back to the bat’s ears. From the echoes, a bat learns the location and shape of objects around it. This is called echolocation.

Dr. Waters talked to other scientists, including Deborah Withington and Brian Hoyle. They all worked together and invented a new kind of cane. At first they called it a "bat cane" because the idea started with bats. The new cane has a computer in the handle. It sends out high sounds E _________________. The sound waves bounce off objects and echo back. This causes buttons in the handle to buzz. With a little training, a person F _________________ can tell where the objects are and can "see" with sound!

1.  for blind people to get around

2.  if people could do something similar

3.  who can hear and see well

4.  how to help his master

5.  that humans cannot hear

6.  using the cane

7.  such as a tree or a house

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Jacques Cousteau was born in France in 1910. Although he was sickly as a child, he learned to swim at an early age and developed a love for the ocean. He joined the French navy in 1933, and it was there A _______________________.

Amazed at what he saw beneath the sea, he decided to build a device that would allow people to breathe underwater. In 1942, he finished the Aqua-⁠Lung, a piece of early underwater breathing equipment B _______________________.

After World War II, Cousteau began his life’s work onboard the research ship Calypso. He worked with divers and scientists to photograph and gather samples of underwater plants and animals. In doing so, he learned about many ocean creatures C _______________________.

In 1960, he successfully worked to stop nuclear waste D ______________________. He worked tirelessly

_______________________ and won many awards for his efforts. His television show, The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, ran from 1968 to 1976. The series helped raise awareness of the creatures who inhabit the world’s oceans. Cousteau died in 1997 at the age of 87 and is still celebrated F _______________________ of the twentieth century.

1.  from being dumped into the Mediterranean Sea

2.  that would eventually lead to the SCUBA diving gear

3.  as one of the most important explorers and environmentalists

4.  even though he became interested in exploring the ocean

5.  that he first used a pair of underwater goggles

6.  to improve the ecological conditions of the world’s oceans

7.  that had never been studied before

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Russia is famous for its diversity, as well as its hospitality. The best way to show Russia to someone is to bring home something special. Matryoshka and balalaika are quite stereotypical presents. There are many other goods A _______________________.

Woolen shawls have always been popular in Russia because of cold winters. The shawls made in Pavlovsky Posad, B _______________________, are considered to be a traditional Russian gift. Woolen shawls and scarves have been made there since 1795. A wide shawl with a beautiful original pattern on it may be used like a blanket. It is nice to cover oneself up with it sitting in the armchair, watching a movie, C _______________________. The Pavlovsky Posad manufacture produces scarves for men as well. They can be bought through the Internet, or in brand stores, D _______________________.

Belyovskaya pastila is a souvenir E _______________________. It has been made since the 19th century in the town of Belyov near Tula. This is a very special kind of Russian confection. Though it is called "pastila", it is not a marshmallow style delicacy. Belyovskaya pastila is made of dried apples. After they have been dried, they are mixed with egg whites and sugar and whipped. Belyovskaya pastila is similar to a cake, F _______________________ of apples. It is considered to be a natural product, and it is not of average price. Tourists can buy this kind of sweet at some confectioner’s shops throughout Moscow.

1.  that one may buy in Moscow as a souvenir

2.  which are situated in the centre of Moscow

3.  that pleases the people with a sweet tooth

4.  although it has a slightly sour taste

5.  which is a town not very far from Moscow

6.  riding a bike around the villages in Russia

7.  reading a book, or drinking coffee or tea

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Stargazing takes imagination. People who love stargazing see the stars A ____________________. They imagine lines that connect groups of stars called constellations. A constellation is a group of stars B ____________________.

The constellation Orion is known as the hunter, C ____________________. To find Orion, first find the Big Dipper. The Big Dipper looks like a huge cup with a long handle. After you find the Big Dipper, turn around. There’s Orion! He is outlined by four bright stars D ____________________. Their tips seem to come together. Where they meet, there are three more bright stars. These form Orion’s belt. Some fainter stars appear to hang from the belt. These are Orion’s sword.

There are different kinds of stars in the constellation Orion. The star Betelgeuse makes Orion’s right shoulder. Betelgeuse is an Arabic word that means "shoulder of the giant". The star itself is so huge E ____________________. Its diameter is 400 times greater than that of our Sun. Betelgeuse is considered a cool star. It is probably not as hot as our Sun. Rigel is the star F ____________________.

Rigel is much brighter than Betelgeuse because it is much hotter. It’s more than three times as hot as our Sun. However, Rigel is just a baby in size compared to Betelgeuse.

1.  that it is called a supergiant

2.  that form two triangles

3.  that makes Orion’s left foot

4.  that looks like a person, an animal, or an object

5.  after a hero of ancient Greek myths

6.  as they may form new stars

7.  as shining spots in a dot-⁠to-⁠dot drawing game

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

There are some places where you can expect wildfires. In California, fires burn from 50,000 to 500,000 acres of land every year. Some of the plants A _______________________ have oily sap. They can survive the dry, hot summers, but if they catch fire they explode into flame. Grasses grow thick during the spring rains and then die. They dry into a thick layer of straw B _______________________, making a very hot fire.

Fires can start wherever there’s fuel to burn. Southern California has plenty of fuel and a hot, dry wind C _______________________ between mid-⁠September and late October. This wind, called the Santa Ana, passes over the inland desert, D _______________________, and rushes toward the ocean to the west. The Santa Ana wind fans the flames and makes fighting the fires nearly impossible.

In 1988, Wyoming’s Yellowstone National Park was burned by several fires at once. Lightning struck in two places. A worker dropped a lit cigarette in another place. On the worst day of fire, more than 600 square kilometers of forest burned. Clouds of smoke E _______________________ rose into the atmosphere. Smoke blocked the sun and drifted far beyond the park.

Firefighters work hard to control fires like those in Yellowstone and California, F _______________________. But long before humans learned how to start or put out a fire, prairies and forests burned every year. Both kinds of land recovered, as they have in Yellowstone and in California.

1.  that burns fast

2.  many of which are caused by people

3.  that blows every year

4.  wherever lightning strikes

5.  that looked like storm clouds

6.  that live there

7.  its air losing moisture and gaining heat

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

There are many true stories about Queen Victoria that break the usual stereotypes about 19th century royalty. Having married for love at the age of 20 and dearly loving her husband, Prince Albert, Queen Victoria once managed to save his life in most dire circumstances. It happened on February 9, 1841, only a day before their first wedding anniversary  — a date A _______________________ for the christening of the first-⁠born child Princess Vicky.

On that day the young royal couple went for a walk on the freezing grounds of Buckingham palace. They were accompanied by only one maid of honour. Earlier that year, Queen Victoria had a pair of ice skates made for Prince Albert as a gift, for he loved skating and was good at it. When they reached the frozen lake, Prince Albert strapped on his skates and headed out onto the ice, B _______________________ skate from the shore. The prince made a circle of the lake and was returning to the spot where the Queen was standing, C _______________________ and he was immersed in the icy water.

Queens, D _______________________, are not normally prepared to act decisively in life-⁠threatening situations. Yet, Albert was in mortal danger, and there was no one else to help. Victoria acted quickly and resolutely. Victoria quickly calmed down the terrified maid of honour and had her grasp her Queen’s left hand in both of hers, while reaching out over the lake E _______________________ with the right hand. After some time, F _______________________, Victoria managed to grasp Albert’s hand and pull him towards the shore. Although Albert had a cut on his chin and was on the verge of hypothermia, Victoria’s courage had saved his life.

1.  as far as she could

2.  who are constantly taken care of

3.  with tremendous effort

4.  which had also been chosen

5.  as the Queen of England

6.  while his wife watched him

7.  when the ice suddenly broke

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Larry Walters was a truck driver who always dreamed of flying. When he couldn’t get into the U.S. Air Force, he came up with a new plan. One sunny day in July of 1982, Larry made history A _______________________ near Los Angeles, California.

Larry tied 45 weather balloons to a lawn chair and used helium tanks to fill the balloons. Weather balloons are the balloons used by weather services to measure atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity and wind speed by a special instrument. Sitting in his sturdy chair B _______________________, Larry ordered his friends to cut the anchor rope. But instead of rising slowly to a height of 100 feet C _______________________, Larry’s aircraft rushed skyward. It rose to over 16,000 feet in the air. The truck driver D _______________________ was suddenly in airplane territory  — in a lawn chair!

Fortunately, Larry had brought along an air gun and a two-⁠way radio. He used the radio to communicate E _______________________. He also shot a few balloons with the air gun to lower his aircraft. However, the lawn chair eventually drifted into some power lines, causing a power outage in the nearby city of Long Beach.

After his historic flight, Larry had to pay a fine to the Federal Aviation Administration for flying an uncertified aircraft. He complained that the Wright brothers, F _______________________, had also flown uncertified aircrafts. Later, Larry said, "I fulfilled my dream. But I wouldn’t do this again for anything."

1.  as he had expected

2.  like many pilots before them

3.  when he took flight in a homemade aircraft

4.  with surprised emergency officials

5.  with no flight experience

6.  inventors of the first airplane

7.  like the proud captain of a ship

Про­чи­тай­те текст и заполните про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Did you know that when you go to bed at night, many animals are just beginning to stir? These animals sleep during much of the day and come out at night to hunt for food. Animals who are active during the hours of darkness are called nocturnal animals. Owls, raccoons, skunks, moths, mice, and bats are just a few of these animals.

You might think A _______________________ to find their way around in the dark, but it isn’t. Some of them have eyes that are specially formed to make use of moonlight and starlight. Their eyes are almost like mirrors B _______________________ to see quite well. Other animals rely on their noses. Mice, for example, use their sense of smell C _______________________ . Some animals rely on their ears. An owl can hear the soft rustling sound made by a mouse D _______________________ .

Go outside on a summer evening and sit quietly. Perhaps you will see or hear some nocturnal animals. Listen for the chirp of crickets. Watch the sky for a bat swooping after mosquitoes. Look around a porch light for moths and other insects E _______________________. You might discover F _______________________ to your very own backyard!

1.  as it slips through the grass

2.  that animals use their flexible tails

3.  that it would be difficult for nocturnal animals

4.  that magnify the light and enable them

5.  that night-⁠time brings a lot of action

6.  that may be attracted to the glow

7.  to guide them to food sources

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor wasn’t born to wear the crown. But destiny intervened.

As the elder daughter of King George V’s second son, Elizabeth, now 95, was expected to live the life of a minor royal A _______________________. Dogs and horses, a country house, a suitable match  — B _______________________  — seemed her future.

However, everything changed a decade later when her uncle, King Edward VIII, abdicated so he could marry the American divorcee Wallis Simpson. Elizabeth’s father became King George VI, C _______________________ .

She was 25 years old D _______________________ , and she became queen that same night. Princess Elizabeth, called Lilibet, became "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and her other realms and territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith." On June 2, 1953, she was officially crowned in a grand ceremony at Westminster Abbey.

E _______________________ , Queen Elizabeth II holds a number of remarkable records. She is the oldest reigning monarch and has reigned longer than her great-⁠great-⁠grandmother Queen Victoria, F _______________________ , from 1837 to 1901. Elizabeth II has also had the longest marriage in the British royal family. Even her coronation made television history: never before had there been so many viewers, 300 million worldwide.

1.  when her father died on February 6, 1952

2.  when she was born on April 21, 1926

3.  a comfortable but uneventful life

4.  as one of the most important elements of her work

5.  making the young princess the next in line to the throne

6.  who served as monarch for 63 years

7.  with over 70 years on the throne under her belt

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

For decades, people have heard about sightings of a gigantic creature called Bigfoot in the forests of the Pacific Northwest. A _______________________, the creature always left huge footprints. A logger B _______________________ helped popularize these stories about Bigfoot.

In 1958, one of Wallace’s workers reported to a newspaper that he had spotted the creature’s tracks. Wallace explained that his workers were scared of the beast. The story spread, and some people connected the creature to other legendary monsters, especially the Abominable Snowman, or Yeti, C _______________________ . Wallace had pictures and film footage of a huge, furry primate D _______________________ . He also tried to sell castings of giant footprints and recordings of the creature’s cries.

But in 2002, after Ray Wallace died, his family members had their own story to tell. They said that Wallace was a prankster and made the giant footprints himself. Wallace’s wife admitted dressing up in a Bigfoot costume E _______________________ . Apparently, Ray Wallace enjoyed fooling people. He told his Bigfoot stories for decades. However, Wallace certainly was not responsible for all the other reported sightings of Bigfoot. In fact, some people continue to report seeing the monster. Nonetheless, F _______________________ , his own son said, "Bigfoot is dead."

1.  to back up his story

2.  named Ray Wallace

3.  when Ray Wallace passed away

4.  being one of them

5.  according to the stories

6.  as part of the hoax

7.  said to live in the mountains of Nepal

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

When Europeans first arrived in North America, they had no idea what the land looked like or how big it was. For this reason, explorers travelled across the continent in all directions A _______________________ and discover what resources were available. One of the most famous of these European explorers was René-⁠Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, B _______________________.

La Salle was born in France in 1643, but his desire for adventure took him west across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1666, La Salle settled in the eastern part of Canada, C ______________________, and established himself as a fur trader. During his first years in North America, La Salle explored areas closer to his home, but by 1678 he was ready for a substantial journey.

La Salle prepared his ship, called Le Griffon, D _______________________. By the time La Salle returned, he had explored Lake Erie, Lake Huron, and Lake Michigan. He also established forts for France along the way.

La Salle's next adventure, E _______________________, was a trip down the Mississippi River. Although the river had been used for centuries by the indigenous people of the area, La Salle became the first European to travel its entire length. Aided by Native American guides, La Salle canoed south until reaching the Mississippi Delta, the area where the river empties into the Gulf of Mexico. To honor his home country, La Salle named the region Louisiana after King Louis XIV of France.

In 1683, La Salle returned to France and was named viceroy of North America F _______________________ .

1.  controlled by France at that time

2.  and the one he might be best known for

3.  in recognition of his accomplishments

4.  to sail around the Great Lakes

5.  because of bad conditions during the journey

6.  more simply known as La Salle

7.  trying to map the territory

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Species that are extinct have died out and are no longer present on Earth. Endangered species are plant and animal groups in danger of becoming extinct. Both endangered species and extinct life forms were abundant at one time. However, they suffered from world-⁠changing events that led to their decline. Scientists know A _______________________, died out 65 million years ago due to a catastrophic environmental event. Today, many of the environmental factors B _______________________, are a direct result of human behaviour and practice. Deforestation, pollution, and urbanization have environmental effects that only humans can correct or control.

People have an obligation to preserve the world's biodiversity and to protect today's endangered species. Yet, millions of dollars are spent each year studying extinct species. While it's true C _______________________ and marvel at the frozen carcass of an extinct wooly mammoth, should we continue to throw money into studying them? Wouldn't money be better spent saving species that still exist?

Humans are rapidly destroying natural habitats and forcing many plants and animals out of existence. The loss of even one species disrupts the balance of nature in a habitat. It can result in a domino effect D _______________________. We need to find ways to maintain and restore these habitats so E _______________________ . We need to put our resources both financial and intellectual, into saving the species F ______________________ and leave the extinct species where they belong  — in the past.

1.  that can be saved

2.  that we should not focus on such things

3.  that isolated plants and animal groups could grow

4.  that many species, including T. rex dinosaurs

5.  that people find dinosaurs fascinating

6.  that will cause other species to fail

7.  that threaten endangered species

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Worms and fish do it. Birds and bees do it. But do jellyfish fall asleep?

It was after midnight A _______________________ where the jellyfish were kept. They left the lights off and walked through the room by the glow of their cellphones. The students did not tell anyone that they were doing this. The secret they were keeping was a "totally crazy" experiment aimed at finding out whether jellyfish sleep.

A few weeks before, B _______________________, whether jellyfish needed to sleep. "Of course not," said one of them. "Sleep helps C _______________________. Jellyfish are so simple they don't even have brains. How could they possibly share the need to sleep?" The others weren't so sure, but they wanted to find out.

The three students designed an experiment to test different behaviors and see if the jellyfish were asleep. They watched the animals to see how they moved, and D _______________________when they were resting. It turned out that the jellyfish moved about 30 percent less at night. It was also harder to get their attention.

Months of late-⁠night studying led to amazing results. Young scientists reported E _______________________ sleeplike behavior. This made it the first animal without a brain known to do so. The results suggest F _______________________ life, as the jellyfish group of animals first arose about 700 million years ago, and has stuck with us ever since.

1.  how talkative they were in a situation close to

2.  that sleep evolved early in the history of animal

3.  that the upside-⁠down jellyfish Cassiopea showed

4.  strengthen memory and keep the brain healthy

5.  the students were having coffee and started debating

6.  when three science students crept into the lab

7.  if they could get the jellies' attention

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

A coral reef is built from the skeletons of tiny animals called corals. Corals live in clean, warm saltwater A _______________________. They look like plants, but they are actually animals that use their tentacles to catch and eat tiny sea creatures. Corals usually live together in large groups called colonies. Over thousands of years the skeletons of dead corals build up on top of one another B _______________________.

The beautiful colors we see in reefs are C _______________________. All kinds of animals live in coral reefs, including such creatures as sea slugs, giant blue clams, strawberry shrimp, lionfish, angelfish, star coral and sea fans. Coral reefs are home D _______________________. New species are being discovered in coral reefs all the time.

These beautiful and fragile reefs of coral exist in the waters of 109 countries around the world. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is 1,240 miles long, E ______________________. Sixty percent of coral reefs are in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea, twenty-⁠five percent are in the Pacific Ocean, and fifteen percent are in the Caribbean Sea.

Pollution, fishing, shell collecting, diving and boating have damaged many reefs. We can all help protect the coral reefs by not polluting the water, by recycling and by being careful F ______________________ if we have the chance to visit a beautiful living coral reef.

1.  the largest in the world

2.  to follow the rules

3.  to thousands of species of marine plants and animals

4.  to form a coral reef

5.  to understand their structure

6.  that allows sunlight to reach them

7.  those of the living coral on top

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Mount Rushmore is a granite cliff located in the Black Hills of South Dakota. This cliff is special because the faces of four famous presidents are carved into it. Surrounded by over 1,200 acres of land, it is the largest stone monument in the entire world.

In 1923, a historian named Doane Robinson came up with the idea to create an attraction A _______________________. He convinced a famous sculptor named Gutzon Borglum to do the project. Together they asked Congress and the president of the United States, Calvin Coolidge, to fund the project. President Coolidge agreed and chose B _______________________. He picked presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and George Washington. This was because of the important work they did during the country's early history.

In 1927, Borglum and his team of four hundred men started work. They had to remove more than 800 million pounds of stone C _______________________. This was why the work on the faces didn't start until 1934. They used dynamite and air hammers to carve the faces. Air hammers are a special type of hammer D _______________________. Picks and chisels were also used. The crew hung from scaffolds and slings while they worked.

Borglum died in March 1941, E ______________________. His son Lincoln took over the work. He worked on it until October 1941 when funding ran out, F ______________________. The presidents were supposed to be carved from the waist up, but because the project ended early, only the faces were completed.

Just as Doane Robinson had hoped, Mount Rushmore became a huge tourist attraction. Each year, more than three million people visit this national monument.

1.  before they could begin carving

2.  before the project was finished

3.  which is as tall as a skyscraper

4.  which faces to use

5.  which meant that work had to stop

6.  that would bring tourists to the area

7.  that uses compressed air to carve stone

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

People have been using hammocks for many years. The first people to create these swinging beds were the Taino, people native to the Caribbean and to Central and South America. The Taino made the hammocks A _______________________. The word "hammock" comes from the Spanish word hamaca. Hammocks were likely named after the bark from the hamack tree B _______________________.

European explorers came in search of the New World many years C _______________________. The explorers were impressed with the unique beds. Christopher Columbus spotted hammocks in the Caribbean in 1492. They made such an impact on him D _______________________. Columbus admired how the hanging beds kept sleepers safe from the soggy ground and pesky forest animals. These portable beds were also easily moved. They were small enough when folded E ______________________. Columbus tested a hammock and found it to be comfortable and cool. By the middle of the 16th century, more sailors became interested in hammocks.

Today hammocks are not just for relaxing. They are now part of a thrillseeking sport known as extreme hammocking. In extreme hammocking, athletes may string a hammock between large rocks or tall trees. Some athletes hang the hammocks from the bottom of a bridge. Athletes climb to their destination F ______________________. Wherever the location, hammockers enjoy the challenges the climb brings. Andy Lewis, an extreme-⁠hammocking expert from Utah, said, "The experience speaks for itself. The joy is in the journey, rather than the destination."

1.  by using strong ropes and special shoes

2.  by weaving together cotton, plant fibers, and tree bark

3.  who was fascinated by hammocks

4.  from which they were first created

5.  that they could fit in small spaces on ships

6.  that he wrote about hammocks in his journals

7.  after the Taino had begun making hammocks

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

History and Cuba go hand in hand. About 16 kilometres east of Havana, Cuba’s capital, lies the small town of San Francisco de Paula, A  _______________________ located. It was the part-⁠time residence of Ernest Hemingway for 20 years. He lived there between 1939 and 1959, B _______________________ during that period.

Upon Hemingway’s death, Finca La Vigia was turned into a museum  — the museum of Ernest Hemingway. The house remains as Hemingway left it, with more than 8,000 books on display, as well as artwork, hunting trophies, the author’s typewriter, and other personal belongings. Visitors are not allowed inside, but it is possible to peek in through the windows, C _______________________ during rainy weather. One can also wander through the garden to see Hemingway’s fishing boat, Pilar, D _______________________. The garden is also home to a pet cemetery, the final resting place for some of his beloved cats.

Hemingway fans should also visit the small fishing village of Cojimar, about 20 minutes east of Havana by taxi. During the 1950s, Hemingway visited Cojimar often E _______________________, The Old Man and the Sea. He also kept his fishing boat, Pilar, there, and could often be seen socialising with locals in the streets of the village.

These days, tourists come to the village to visit the square named in his honour F _______________________. Perhaps inspired by Hemingway’s legacy, many artists from Havana and other parts of Cuba are drawn there.

1.  despite all the troubles in Cuba

2.  unless the house is closed up

3.  where Hemingway was brought up

4.  where the estate of Finca La Vigia is

5.  and made it the setting for his novel

6.  which he had kept in the local village

7.  and see the statue of the famous writer

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Super Soakers are a familiar part of summer fun, but did you know the toywas inspired by a part meant for a refrigerator? It’s true! An accident sparked its creation, but its success took years of hard work.

Lonnie Johnson, A _______________________, has always been interested in how things work. As a kid, he took his toys apart and put them back together, B _______________________. In 1982, Johnson’s day job was working on spacecraft in California. In the evening, he worked on his own inventions. One of his projects was a refrigerator that cooled with water C _______________________. One evening, he hooked a part he’d made to a bathroom sink so he could test it. It sprayed a strong stream of water across the sink! It made Johnson think D _______________________.

He made the plastic parts for his water blaster in his basement, put it together, and asked his seven-⁠year-⁠old daughter to test it. As he watched her water fight with the other kids, he realised she was able to drench them E _______________________.

Johnson wanted to make and sell the water blaster himself, F _______________________. He didn’t have that much extra money, so he decided to find a toy company as a partner. He tried and failed for the next 7 years. Since then, the Super Soaker became one of the best-⁠selling toys of all time and has brought a lot of fun to kids everywhere.

1.  before her friends even got close with their squirt guns

2.  called the Power Blaster, came out in 1990 and ever since

3.  which led his friends to nickname Lonnie "The Professor"

4.  but it would cost $200,000 to make 1,000 of them

5.  instead of the environmentally harmful chemical used then

6.  the man behind the invention of the Super Soaker

7.  that a high-⁠powered water blaster might be a lot of fun

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A − F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Scrabble is a fun word game that people of all ages can play. It was invented in 1938 by a man named Alfred Butts. In Scrabble, players use letter tiles A _______________________. The goal is to score the most points by creating words from the letters they have.

Each letter in Scrabble has a point value. Common letters like “A”, “E”, and “S” are worth one point, while less common letters like “Q” and “Z” are worth more points. Players have to think carefully about which words to make B _______________________.

The Scrabble board has special squares C _______________________ for letters or entire words. If you place your letter tile on one of these squares, you can earn extra points. This makes the game even more exciting D _______________________ to their advantage.

The game starts with each player drawing seven letter tiles from a bag. Players take turns making words, and after they use some tiles, they draw new ones to keep their hand full. The game ends E _______________________ left to draw and one player has used all their tiles.

Scrabble is a great way to practice spelling and vocabulary F _______________________. It’s a game that challenges your brain and lets you learn new words along the way.

1.  to get the highest score

2.  when there are no more tiles

3.  as players try to use these squares

4.  where to place them on the board

5.  to make words on a board

6.  while having fun

7.  that can double or triple the points

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Antarctica does not have any permanent residents, just short-term visitors. There are two groups who can have an impact: tourists and those A _______________________.

While tourists may only spend a relatively short time on landings, usually just a few hours, it is a high-impact time compared to scientists or support workers B _______________________ base. Tourists also by their nature will want to visit the most picturesque and wildlife-rich areas of Antarctica.

Areas that are easily accessible by small boats C _______________________ are relatively rare in Antarctica. So despite its enormous size, tourists become concentrated in a few areas D _______________________. Even a smaller tour ship carries far more people than the entire staff of most Antarctic bases.

One aspect of Antarctic tourism that restricts visitor numbers is the limited tourist season. This limitation is placed by the weather, E _______________________. The limited tourist season, however, coincides with the breeding season for most Antarctic wildlife, with the potential for disturbance.

Tourism in Antarctica is at present self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators. It was founded in 1991. Now it has over 100 members. This is an organization F _______________________ operators. Such guidelines limit the size of the ships that can cruise the Antarctic waters, and also how many people can be landed at sites.

1.  that sets strict guidelines for its member tour

2.  who go as part of scientific programmes

3.  that take tourists from their ship to shore

4.  where short periods of quite warm weather

5.  and in particular by the movements of sea ice

6.  who spend most of their time on a polar

7.  where most of the landings take place

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A − F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

The Northern Lights, or Aurora Borealis, are one of nature’s most amazing phenomena. They can be seen in areas close to the Arctic Circle. The lights appear in the sky as beautiful waves of green, purple, and pink light A _______________________. They are caused by particles from the sun hitting the Earth’s atmosphere and creating light. These particles travel through space and are pulled towards the magnetic poles of the Earth, which is why the Northern Lights are often seen in places B _______________________.

The best time to see the Northern Lights in Canada is during the winter months, from late September to early April. The nights are long and dark, C _______________________ in the sky. However, the weather has to be clear, and the skies free of clouds, so it’s not guaranteed D _______________________. Many people travel to remote areas to get a better view of the lights, and some even camp out under the stars E _______________________.

People who have seen the Northern Lights often describe them as magical. The lights seem to dance across the sky, F _______________________. It is a memory that stays with you forever, as few natural events are as breathtaking as the Aurora Borealis. If you ever get the chance, witnessing the Northern Lights is an unforgettable experience!

1.  that you will see them

2.  that move and change shape

3.  to catch a glimpse

4.  when they are not visible to the naked eye

5.  like Russia, Canada, Greenland and Scandinavia

6.  creating a peaceful and surreal atmosphere

7.  which makes it easier to see the bright colors

Про­чи­тай­те текст и за­пол­ни­те про­пус­ки A–F ча­стя­ми пред­ло­же­ний, обо­зна­чен­ны­ми циф­ра­ми 1–7. Одна из ча­стей в спис­ке 1–7 лиш­няя. За­не­си­те цифры, обо­зна­ча­ю­щие со­от­вет­ству­ю­щие части пред­ло­же­ний, в таб­ли­цу.

Using fewer resources and producing less waste are issues not only for big corporations and factories to worry about. Each of us can make a big difference in how we impact the environment. People can continue to consume excessively and create billions of pounds of waste each year, A _______________________ a more environmentally-friendly lifestyle.

Plastic bags do not easily decompose, and they contribute to the pollution of nature. A plastic bag can take from 15 to 1,000 years to break down, depending on the environment. Moreover, the cost of recycling plastic bags outweighs their value. This is another reason B _______________________ to landfill sites. This results in huge piles of garbage C _______________________, releasing bad smells throughout the day and serving as a distraction for tourists.

It is high time for us to use alternative sources, so as to reduce the impact of plastic bags on the environment. One such change is to get rid of plastic bags and use reusable bags.

There are many reasons D _______________________, and it is necessary to switch to reusable bags. A lot of oil and natural gas go into the production of plastic bags, which are not recyclable. Choosing reusable bags saves on these natural resources and protects the environment. Besides, the nature around us is polluted by plastic bags E _______________________ or get into animals’ homes. Sometimes animals try to eat these bags, thinking they are part of nature, F _______________________.

1.  because they often fly away into trees

2.  or they can make changes to adopt

3.  why plastic bags are not ideal at all

4.  because they want to protect nature

5.  which may simply lead to their death

6.  why most plastic bags find their way

7.  that can be easily seen across the city