Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Places to stay in.

2.  Arts and culture.

3.  New country image.

4.  Going out.

5.  Different landscapes.

6.  Transport system.

7.  National languages.

8.  Eating out.

A. Belgium has always had a lot more than the faceless administrative buildings that you can see in the outskirts of its capital, Brussels. A number of beautiful historic cities and Brussels itself offer impressive architecture, lively nightlife, first-⁠rate restaurants and numerous other attractions for visitors. Today, the old-⁠fashioned idea of ‘boring Belgium’ has been well and truly forgotten, as more and more people discover its very individual charms for themselves.

B. Nature in Belgium is varied. The rivers and hills of the Ardennes in the southeast contrast sharply with the rolling plains which make up much of the northern and western countryside. The most notable features are the great forest near the frontier with Germany and Luxembourg and the wide, sandy beaches of the northern coast.

C. It is easy both to enter and to travel around pocket- sized Belgium which is divided into the Dutchspeaking north and the French-⁠speaking south. Officially the Belgians speak Dutch, French and German. Dutch is slightly more widely spoken than French, and German is spoken the least. The Belgians, living in the north, will often prefer to answer visitors in English rather than French, even if the visitor’s French is good.

D. Belgium has a wide range of hotels from 5-⁠star luxury to small family pensions and inns. In some regions of the country, farm holidays are available. There visitors can (for a small cost) participate in the daily work of the farm. There are plenty of opportunities to rent furnished villas, flats, rooms, or bungalows for a holiday period. These holiday houses and flats are comfortable and well-⁠equipped.

E. The Belgian style of cooking is similar to French, based on meat and seafood. Each region in Belgium has its own special dish. Butter, cream, beer and wine are generously used in cooking. The Belgians are keen on their food, and the country is very well supplied with excellent restaurants to suit all budgets. The perfect evening out here involves a delicious meal, and the restaurants and cafes are busy at all times of the week.

F. As well as being one of the best cities in the world for eating out (both for its high quality and range), Brussels has a very active and varied nightlife. It has 10 theatres which produce plays in both Dutch and French. There are also dozens of cinemas, numerous discos and many night-⁠time cafes in Brussels. Elsewhere, the nightlife choices depend on the size of the town, but there is no shortage of fun to be had in any of the major cities.

G. There is a good system of underground trains, trams and buses in all the major towns and cities. In addition, Belgium’s waterways offer a pleasant way to enjoy the country. Visitors can take a one-⁠hour cruise around the canals of Bruges (sometimes described as the Venice of the North) or an extended cruise along the rivers and canals linking the major cities of Belgium and the Netherlands.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Places to stay in.

2.  Public transport.

3.  Cultural differences.

4.  Nightlife.

5.  Camping holidays.

6.  Contacts with neighbours.

7.  Different landscapes.

8.  Eating out.

A. Sweden is a land of contrast, from the Danish influence of the southwest to the Laplanders wandering freely with their reindeer in the wild Arctic north. And while Sweden in cities is stylish and modern, the countryside offers many simpler pleasures for those who look for peace and calm. The land and its people have an air of reserved calm, and still the world’s best-⁠selling pop group Abba, which used to attract crowds of hysterical fans, come from Sweden.

B. Historically, Sweden has an interesting story. Its dealings with the outside world began, in fact, during Viking times, when in addition to the well- known surprise attacks of the nearby lands, there was much trading around the Baltic, mostly in furs and weapons. Swedish connections with the other Scandinavian countries, Norway and Denmark, have been strong since the Middle Ages. The monarchies of all three are still closely linked.

C. Sweden’s scenery has a gentler charm than that of neighbouring Norway’s rocky coast. Much of Sweden is forested, and there are thousands lakes, notably large pools near the capital, Stockholm. The lakeside resort in the centre of Sweden is popular with Scandinavians, but most visitors prefer first the Baltic islands. The largest island, Gotland, with its ruined medieval churches, is a particular attraction.

D. Sweden boasts a good range of hotels, covering the full spectrum of prices and standards. Many of them offer discounts in summer and at weekends during the winter. In addition, working farms throughout Sweden offer accommodation, either in the main farmhouse or in a cottage nearby. Forest cabins and chalets are also available throughout the country, generally set in beautiful surroundings, near lakes, in quiet forest glades or on an island in some remote place.

E. Living in a tent or caravan with your family or friends at weekends and on holiday is extremely popular in Sweden and there is a fantastic variety of special places. Most are located on a lakeside or by the sea with free bathing facilities close at hand. There are over 600 campsites in the country. It is often possible to rent boats or bicycles, play mini-⁠golf or tennis, ride a horse or relax in a sauna. It is also possible to camp in areas away from other houses.

F. Swedes like plain meals, simply prepared from the freshest ingredients. As a country with a sea coast and many freshwater lakes, fish dishes are found on all hotel or restaurant menus. Top-⁠class restaurants in Sweden are usually fairly expensive, but even the smallest towns have reasonably priced self-⁠service restaurants and grill bars. Many restaurants all over Sweden offer a special dish of the day at a reduced price that includes main course, salad, soft drink and coffee.

G. Stockholm has a variety of pubs, cafes, clubs, restaurants, cinemas and theatres but in the country evenings tend to be very calm and peaceful. From August to June the Royal Ballet performs in Stockholm. Music and theatre productions take place in many cities during the summer in the open air. Outside Stockholm in the 18th-⁠century palace there are performances of 18th-⁠century opera very popular with tourists.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Education.

2.  Way of life.

3.  Public transport.

4.  Geography.

5.  Places to stay in.

6.  Favourite food.

7.  Hot spots for kids.

8.  Nightlife.

A. Denmark, a small kingdom in northern Europe, has a lot of interesting places for tourists with children. For example, Legoland, a theme park, has become the largest tourist attraction in Denmark outside its capital Copenhagen. And Copenhagen itself is world famous for its Tivoli Gardens amusement park, which opened in 1843 in the heart of the city. The park offers ballet and circus performances, restaurants, concerts, and fireworks displays.

B. Denmark is the smallest Scandinavian country, consisting of the Jutland peninsula, north of Germany, and over 400 islands of various sizes, some inhabited and linked to the mainland by ferry or bridge. Throughout the country, low hills provide a constant change of attractive views; there are also cool and shady forests of beech trees, large areas of open land covered with rough grass, a beautiful lake district, sand dunes and white cliffs on the coast.

C. More than four-⁠fifths of all Danes live in towns. The main cities represent a combination of medieval buildings, such as castles and cathedrals, and modern office buildings and homes. Denmark’s high standard of living and wide-⁠ranging social services guarantee that the cities have no poor districts. Most people in the cities live in flats. But in the suburbs many also live in single-⁠family houses.

D. Denmark’s fine beaches attract many visitors, and there are hotels and pensions in all major seaside resorts. Besides, excellent inns are to be found all over the country. Some are small and only serve local travellers, but others are adapted to the tourist and have established reputations for both international dishes and local specialities. There are also private rooms to let, usually for one night, and chalets all over Denmark.

E. There is a wide selection of places to go out in the evening, particularly in Copenhagen. Jazz and dance clubs in the capital city are top quality and world-⁠famous performers appear regularly. There are numerous cafes, beer gardens and speciality beer bars. Entertainment available includes opera at the recently opened opera house in Copenhagen, ballet and theatre at a number of places in the larger cities, and live music of all kinds.

F. Most Danes eat four meals a day  — breakfast, lunch, dinner, and a late-⁠evening supper. Breakfast generally consists of cereal, cheese, or eggs. Dinner, which includes fish or meat, is usually the only hot meal. A traditional Danish dinner consists of roast duckling stuffed with apples, served with red cabbage and boiled potatoes. The other Danish meals consist mostly of sandwiches.

G. Almost all adult Danes can read and write. Danish law requires children to attend nine years of school. Primary school consists of the first seven grades, and secondary school lasts from three to five years. A five-⁠year secondary school student can enter a university. Denmark has three universities. The University of Copenhagen is the oldest and largest. It was founded in 1479 and has about 24,000 students.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Education: the Way to the Top.

2.  From Agony to Love.

3.  Teaching to Learn.

4.  Learning That Never Stops.

5.  Things Worth Learning.

6.  The Right Word Can Bring Changes.

7.  What My Father Taught Me.

8.  The Power of Numbers.

A. Education has the power to transform a person’s life. I am the living example of this. When I was on the streets, I thought I was not good at anything but I wrote a poem, and it got published. I went back to school to learn. I have learned the benefit of research and reading, of debate and listening. One day soon a group of fresh-⁠faced college students will call me professor.

B. Language has the capacity to change the world and the way we live in it. People are often afraid to call things by their direct names, use taboos not to notice dangerous tendencies. Freedom begins with naming things. This has to happen in spite of political climates, careers being won or lost, and the fear of being criticized. After Helen Caldicott used the word ‘nuclear arms race’ an anti-⁠nuclear movement appeared.

C. I never wanted to be a teacher. Yet years later, I find myself teaching high school English. I consider my job to be one of the most important aspects of my life, still I do not teach for the love of teaching. I am a teacher because I love to learn, and I have come to realize that the best way to learn is to teach.

D. One day my sister and I got one and the same homework. My sister finished the task in 2 minutes and went off to play. But I could not do it, so I went into my sister’s room and quickly copied her work. But there was one small problem: my father caught me. He didn’t punish me, but explained that cheating makes people feel helpless. And then I was left feeling guilty for cheating.

E. Lifelong learning does not mean spending all my time reading. It is equally important to get the habit of asking such questions as ‘what don’t I know about this topic, or subject?’, ‘what can I learn from this moment or person?’, and ‘what more do I need to learn?’ regardless of where I am, who I am talking to, or what I am doing.

F. Math has always been something that I am good at. Mathematics attracts me because of its stability. It has logic; it is dependable and never changes. There might be some additions to the area of mathematics, but once mathematics is created, it is set in stone. We would not be able to check emails or play videogames without the computer solving complex algorithms.

G. When my high school English teacher asked us to read Shakespeare, I thought it was boring and too difficult. I agonized over the syntax  — I had never read anything like this. But now I am a Shakespeare professor, and enjoy teaching Hamlet every semester. Each time I re-⁠read the play, I find and learn something new for myself.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Not Just Fun.

2.  Running For Heart and Mind.

3.  United By The Game.

4.  I Want To Be A Coach.

5.  Team Work in Sport and Life.

6.  Next Year We Win.

7.  Learning From Father.

8.  School between Practices.

A. I believe playing sports is more than an activity to fill your day, it can teach important life lessons. When I was a child, my dad spent a lot of time teaching me how to play different sports. He told me that if I can succeed in sports, I can succeed at anything in life. He used to say, ‘It’s not about how good you become. It’s about working hard to get where you want to be.’

B. I like bicycles. Group rides help me to get new skills and make new friends. I try to apply the tactics of group riding to team work in the real world. In the perfect group ride, each rider takes a turn leading the pack, while the others enjoy the benefits of drafting. I think this way of working is a great method for approaching a group task anywhere.

C. I believe in the power of running. Running should not be a battle for your body but rather a rest for your mind. I felt this last fall, when I was running in the park. Suddenly I felt as if I could have run forever, as if I could use running as a source of therapy for my body. Running allows the body to release different types of stress and even change our understanding of life.

D. My father coached basketball every day of his life, and I was right there with him in the gym watching him work his magic. Basketball appears entertaining and exciting. But the path to success is not simple. My father always told me, ‘Nothing is free.’ I took this advice and ran with it. I truly believe that only practice and determination lead to success.

E. Baseball is so much more than a sport. One of the powers of baseball is that it brings people together. It unites fans of all ages, genders, and nationalities. No matter who you are, you can be a baseball fan. My mom and I have one unspoken rule: no matter what has been going on before, no fighting at the game.

F. I believe that you must always be loyal to the sport teams you support. The teams I follow in the United States generally lose many more than they win. The start of each season brings dreams of victory in baseball, basketball or football, dreams that fade away soon. But then there is always next year. It will be our year for sure.

G. I was determined to join the swim team. I knew I would get my strengths and learn my weaknesses there. Waking up early for 6:30 a.m. practices is what swim team is all about, as it helps us get into state. On a long school day you think about the practice in the pool after school. You want to hear the crowd cheering you, telling you that you have to do more than your best.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Perfect for a quiet holiday.

2.  Land of nature wonders.

3.  Bad for animals.

4.  A visit to the zoo.

5.  Perfect for an active holiday.

6.  Difficult start.

7.  New perspectives.

8.  New rules to follow.

A. The mountains of Scotland (we call them the Highlands) are a wild and beautiful part of Europe. A golden eagle flies over the mountains. A deer walks through the silence of the forest. Salmon and trout swim in the clean, pure water of the rivers. Some say that not only fish swim in the deep water of Loch Ness. Speak to the people living by the Loch. Each person has a story of the monster, and some have photographs.

B. Tresco is a beautiful island with no cars, crowds or noise  — just flowers, birds, long sandy beaches and the Tresco Abbey Garden. John and Wendy Pyatt welcome you to the Island Hotel, famous for delicious food, comfort and brilliant service. You will appreciate superb accommodation, free saunas and the indoor swimming pool.

C. The Camel and Wildlife Safari is a unique mixture of the traditional and modern. Kenya’s countryside suits the Safari purposes exceptionally well. Tourists will have a chance to explore the bush country near Samburu, to travel on a camel back or to sleep out under the stars. Modern safari vehicles are always available for those who prefer comfort.

D. Arrival can be the hardest part of a trip. It is late, you are road-⁠weary, and everything is new and strange. You need an affordable place to sleep, something to eat and drink, and probably a way to get around. But in general, it’s a wonderful trip, full of wonderful and unusual places. Whether it is the first stop on a trip or the fifth city visited, every traveller feels a little overwhelmed stepping onto a new street in a new city.

E. No zoo has enough money to provide basic habitats or environments for all the species they keep. Most animals are put in a totally artificial environment, isolated from everything they would meet in their natural habitat. Many will agree that this isolation is harmful to the most of zoo inhabitants, it can even amount to cruelty.

F. A new London Zoo Project is a ten year project to secure the future for the Zoo and for many endangered animals. The plan has been devised by both animal and business experts to provide world-⁠leading accommodation for all our animals, to more fully engage and inform people about conservation issues, to redesign certain aspects of Zoo layout.

G. Leave-⁠no-⁠trace camping is an increasingly popular approach to travel in wilderness areas. As the term suggests, the goal is for the camper to leave as little impact as possible on the place he is visiting. One of its mottos is "Take nothing but pictures. Leave nothing but footprints." Its simplest and most fundamental rule is: pack it in, pack it out, but it goes beyond that.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  The House of Commons.

2.  Parliamentary Procedure.

3.  The House of Lords.

4.  Westminster.

5.  The System of Government.

6.  Parliamentary Committees.

7.  Whitehall.

8.  The Crown.

A. Her Majesty’s Government, in spite of its name, derives its authority and power from its party representation in Parliament. Parliament is housed in the Palace of Westminster, once a home of the monarchy. Like the monarchy, Parliament is an ancient institution, dating from the middle of the thirteenth century. Parliament is the seat of British democracy, but it is perhaps valuable to remember that while the House of Lords was created in order to provide a council of the nobility for the king, the Commons were summoned originally in order to provide the king with money.

B. The reigning monarch is not only head of state but symbol of the unity of the nation. The monarchy is Britain’s oldest secular institution, its continuity for over a thousand years broken only once by a republic that lasted a mere eleven years (1649-⁠60). The monarchy is hereditary, the succession passing automatically to the oldest male child, or in the absence of males to the oldest female offspring of the monarch. In law the monarch is head of the executive and of the judiciary, head of the Church of England, and commander-⁠in-⁠chief of the armed forces.

C. The dynamic power of Parliament lies in its lower chamber. Of its 650 members, 523 represent constituencies in England, 38 in Wales, 72 in Scotland and 17 in Northern Ireland. There are only seats in the Commons debating chamber for 370 members, but except on matters of great interest, it is unusual for all members to be present at any one time. Many MPs find themselves in other rooms of the Commons, participating in a variety of committees and meetings necessary for an effective parliamentary process.

D. Britain is a democracy, yet its people are not, as one might expect in a democracy, constitutionally in control of the state. The constitutional situation is an apparently contradictory one. As a result of a historical process the people of Britain are subjects of the Crown, accepting the Queen as the head of the state. Yet even the Queen is not sovereign in any substantial sense since she receives her authority from Parliament, and is subject to its direction in almost all matters. This curious situation came about as a result of a long struggle for power between the Crown and Parliament during the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries.

E. Her Majesty’s Government governs in the name of the Queen, and its hub, Downing Street, lies in Whitehall, a short walk from Parliament. Following a general election, the Queen invites the leader of the majority party represented in the Commons, to form a government on her behalf. Government ministers are invariably members of the House of Commons, but infrequently members of the House of Lords are appointed. All government members continue to represent "constituencies" which elected them.

F. Each parliamentary session begins with the "State Opening of Parliament", a ceremonial occasion in which the Queen proceeds from Buckingham Palace to the Palace of Westminster where she delivers the Queen’s Speech from her throne in the House of Lords. Her speech is drafted by her government, and describes what the government intends to implement during the forthcoming session. Leading members of the Commons may hear the speech from the far end of the chamber, but are not allowed to enter the House of Lords.

G. The upper chamber of Parliament is not democratic in any sense at all. It consists of four categories of peer. The majority are hereditary peers, a total of almost 800, but of whom only about half take an active interest in the affairs of the state. A smaller number, between 350 and 400, are "life" peers  — an idea introduced in 1958 to elevate to the peerage certain people who rendered political or public service to the nation. The purpose was not only to honour but also to enhance the quality of business done in the Lords.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  GLOBAL LANGUAGE.

2.  HOW IT ALL BEGAN.

3.  GREAT BORROWER.

4.  THE LANGUAGE OF COMPUTERS.

5.  ENGLISH IN OTHER LANGUAGES.

6.  FRENCH INFLUENCE.

7.  CRAZY ENGLISH.

8.  DO YOU SPEAK COCKNEY?

A. It’s strange that the differences in Britain itself are greater than those between Britain and other English-⁠speaking countries. For a Londoner, it’s easier to understand an American than a Cockney. Cockney has a pronunciation, accent and vocabulary unlike any other dialect. Cockney speech is famous for its rhyming slang. A word is replaced by a phrase or a person’s name which rhymes with it.

B. Other languages absorb English words too, often giving them new forms and meanings. So many Japanese, French, Spanish and Germans mix English words with their mother tongues that the resulting hybrids are called Japlish, Franglais, Spanglish and Denglish, In Japanese, for example, there is a verb Makudonaru, to eat at McDonald’s.

C. Have you ever wondered why the English language has different words for animals and meat? When William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066, French became the official language of the court. The English would look after the animals and cook the meat, still calling the animals pig, sheep and cow. The Normans, when they saw the cooked meat arrive at their table, would use French words  — pork, mutton and beef.

D. English is mixing with other languages around the world. It’s probably the biggest borrower. Words newly coined or in vogue in one language are very often added to English as well. There are words from 120 languages in its vocabulary, including Arabic, French, German, Greek, Italian, Russian, Spanish and Turkish. 70 per cent of the English vocabulary are loan words and only 30 per cent of the words are native.

E. Have you ever wondered how many people speak English? It’s around 400 million people. Geographically, English is the most wide-⁠spread language on earth, and it’s second only to Chinese in the number of people who speak it. It’s spoken in the British Isles, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and much of Canada and South Africa. English is also a second language of another 300 million people living in more than 60 countries.

F. In Shakespeare’s time only a few million people spoke English. All of them lived in what is now Great Britain. Through the centuries, as a result of various historical events, English spread throughout the world. There were only 30,000 words in Old English. Modern English has the largest vocabulary in the world  — more than 600,000 words.

G. In the English language blackboards can be green or white, and blackberries are green and then red before they are ripe. There is no egg in eggplant, neither mush nor room in mushroom, neither pine nor apple in pineapple, no ham in hamburger. Why is it that a king rules a kingdom but a queen doesn’t rule a queendom? If the plural of tooth is teeth, shouldn’t the plural of booth be beeth? And in what other language can your nose run?

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  CHRISTMAS SHOPPING.

2.  CRIME AT CHRISTMAS.

3.  CHRISTMAS TRADITIONS.

4.  CHRISTMAS  — A FAMILY CELEBRATION.

5.  CHRISTMAS IN RUSSIA.

6.  CHRISTMAS DINNER.

7.  CHRISTMAS WEATHER.

8.  NEW YEAR’S CELEBRATIONS.

A. There are a lot of traditions connected with Christmas but perhaps the most important one is the giving of presents. Family members wrap up their gifts and leave them at the bottom of the Christmas tree to be found on Christmas morning. Children leave a long sock or stocking at the end of their beds on Christmas Eve, 24th December, hoping that Father Christmas will come down the chimney during the night and bring them small presents, fruit and nuts.

B. At some time on Christmas day the family will sit down to a big turkey dinner followed by Christmas pudding or Christmas cake. As for Christmas cake, heavy and overfilling it is not to everybody’s taste. To make things worse, it takes weeks to make and when it is ready it can last until Easter, so if you don’t like it, you have to try and eat some at Christmas to avoid being haunted by it months after.

C. Officially Christmas and New Year celebrations run from the 24th of December to the 2nd of January. However, for many Brits the Christmas marathon starts as early as the beginning of October with the first festive adverts on TV. The idea of Christmas shopping is that you spend as much money as you can on anything you cast your eyes on, preferably something neither you nor your family or friends will ever use. An average British family spends 670 pounds or more around the Christmas period.

D. Long live Christmas!  — say pickpockets, car thieves and burglars getting their share of Christmas shopping. Every year thousands of people get their wallets stolen in overcrowded shops and streets. Lots of lovely presents, which somebody spent so much time and money on, disappear without a trace when cars and homes are broken into. As much as 9% of people experience a burglary in December.

E. Who doesn’t want to have a white Christmas? Playing snowballs and making a snowman with the whole family on Christmas Day is most people’s dream (apart from the countries like Australia that celebrate Christmas in summer, on the beach). This dream is more likely to come true in northern countries like Russia, but for the British people it’s different. Although it’s not uncommon to get some snow in Scotland and northern England, the rest of Britain is normally only lucky enough to get some frost. In most cases the weather is wet and gloomy.

F. New year is a time for celebrating and making a new start in life. In Britain many people make New Year’s resolutions. This involves people promising themselves that they will improve their behaviour in some way, by giving up bad habits. People might decide to give up smoking, for example, or to go on a diet. These promises are often broken in the first few days of the New Year, however!

G. Christmas is celebrated on the 25th of December. For most families, this is the most important festival of the year. On this day many people are travelling home to be with their families. Most houses are decorated with brightly-⁠coloured paper or holly, and there is usually a Christmas tree in the corner of the front room. Unfortunately, not all families get on well together. As it is a well-⁠known fact, some magazines publish tips on how to cope with Christmas, such as yoga, meditation or holidays abroad.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  National language.

2.  Freedom of media.

3.  Customs and traditions.

4.  Public transport.

5.  Geography.

6.  Leisure and sport.

7.  Modern history.

8.  Economic outlook.

A. Lithuania is situated on the eastern Baltic coast and borders Latvia in the north, the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation and Poland in the southwest, and Belarus in the southwest and east. The geometrical centre of Europe lies in eastern Lithuania 25km north of its capital Vilnius. The landscape varies between lowland plains and hilly uplands and has a complex network of rivers.

B. Lithuania has historically been the least developed of the Baltic republics, with a smaller industrial base and greater dependence on agriculture. Sugar beet, cereals, potatoes and vegetables are the main crops. Lithuania’s foreign trade was gradually changing during the 1990s, and now the European Union, not Russia, is its main trading partner.

C. Lithuanian is the mother tongue for 80% of the population. After the country joined the European Union in 2004 this language has become one of the EU official languages. Lithuania has a large number of dialects for such a small territory, including High Lithuanian and Low Lithuanian.

D. Lithuania offers different opportunities for a nice vacation. You can explore a range of large sand dunes and pine forests while hiking in the Curonian Spit National Park, take part in some action sports in Nida, a village that makes a true paradise for sailing, windsurfing, paragliding and kiting, or try out more extreme sports, such as hot-⁠air ballooning and gliding.

E. Those who are interested in folklore may enjoy their stay in Lithuania in any season of the year. The Mardi Gras celebrations are held in various Lithuanian cities and small towns at the beginning of February. The Folklore Festival is held in Vilnius’ Old Town during in May. There you can see craft fairs, taste traditional dishes, join song and parties and listen to psalms.

F. Lithuania’s TV market is dominated by commercial channels. The radio market is similarly competitive. Lithuania’s media are free and operate independently of the state, and there are no government-⁠owned newspapers. However, politicians do occasionally attempt to influence editorial policy.

G. In cities and towns there are buses and trolleybuses, which usually run from 05.00 to 23.00, but times do vary between routes. You can’t pay the fare to the driver in cash but you can buy coupons from him. Coupons can be also bought at news kiosks before boarding. Minibuses are less crowded but more expensive.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Expenses.

2.  Ways of behaviour.

3.  Nightlife.

4.  Favourite food.

5.  Place to stay in.

6.  Eating out.

7.  National languages.

8.  Great outdoors.

A. Norway is first of all a land for those who love nature. The breathtaking fjords in the southwest of the country and Europe’s largest glacier are Norway’s most attractive places, but there are many other reasons to visit this country in the north of Europe. There are wonderful opportunities to enjoy skiing, fishing and rock-⁠climbing. Others can take pleasure in the charm of the Norwegian countryside, with its countless valleys, high mountain lakes and unbelievable views.

B. Many tourists coming to Norway in the summer prefer to stay in a cottage used by northern Norwegian fishermen during the winter cod-⁠fishing season. Equipped with all the necessary facilities, these cottages are leased to holidaymakers, providing an attractive form of accommodation. They will often be actually over the water. Catching your own fish and cooking it on the fire will add a few pleasant moments to your holiday.

C. Norway has a long history of fishing, although much of the high quality shellfish and other species caught off the coast are exported. However, fish remains a common dish, along with meat, potatoes and other root vegetables, although tastes have changed in recent years to involve a wider international choice, including pizzas and burgers. The most popular traditional hot snack is a form of sausage, sold at numerous outlets.

D. Traditionally entertainment in the country is largely home-⁠based, but this has been changing in recent years. Most Norwegians tend to go out only on Fridays and Saturdays, the rest of the week being fairly quiet. This is in no small part due to the high prices of food and drink, and the fact that the working day starts early. And at weekends, it is normal for the Norwegians to enjoy drinks at home before leaving it as late as 11.00 p.m.

E. Restaurants tend to be concentrated in city centres, while in recent years the pub culture has been gradually arriving in Norway. Cities are nowadays well supplied with a wide choice of bars, many of which offer food that has a lower price compared to the restaurants. Most villages of any size have at least one cafe or restaurant where it is possible to drink and eat out.

F. Norwegians are generally sincere and polite, though communication doesn’t often come easy  — it is usually up to you to break the ice and establish contact. They can be very direct and rarely say ‘please’, which may seem rude, but it’s due to the fact that the Norwegian language rarely uses the word. On the other hand, they say ‘thank you’ for almost everything. They also tend to address people by their first name even on many formal occasions.

G. Norway is an expensive country. As labour is costly here, anything that can be seen as a ‘service’ will generally be more expensive than you expect. Transport costs can also be a killer, because the country is large and distances are long. But there is one good point: Norway has a high quality of tap water. So buying bottled drinking water is usually unnecessary and this will save your budget.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Footballers’ diets.

2.  Ideal football shape.

3.  Length matters.

4.  Puree instead of pasta.

5.  Secret born in the USSR.

6.  Stress or relaxation.

7.  Flying fruit.

8.  Referee’s perspective.

A. Good footballers must have something in their genes. Scientists have discovered a link between the length of a footballer’s ring finger and their ability as a player. They compared the ring and index fingers of top players. Players whose ring fingers were longer compared to their index fingers were more likely to be elite players. Some of the players found to have long ring fingers are Bryan Robson, Ossie Ardiles, Glenn Hoddle, Sir Stanley Matthews and Gazza.

B. Fitness training is absolutely necessary for a first-⁠rate football team. Jogging up and down the stadium a few times is not enough. What footballers really need is a quick start. Footballers can get this ability to start running very quickly by using a training method called ‘plyometrics’. In the 1960s, athletes in the Soviet Union used plyometric exercises to improve their results in jumping. Step by step, the method has become very important for many sports that include sprinting and jumping.

C. In the past, footballers used to have a big fried breakfast  — or even a roast dinner  — before a football match. In the new era of professional football, the menu of modern players has been radically reformed. Arsenal manager, Arsene Wenger, is known for his scientific method of feeding his team. When he first came to the club in 1996, he at once changed the players’ dinner menus. Sugar, red meat, chips, fried foods and dairy products were out. Vegetables, fish, chicken and plenty of water were in.

D. French diet specialists heavily criticised the pre-⁠match diet of the England players in Euro ‘96. Their menu of tomato soup and spaghetti was said to be more likely to produce wind than a win. Potatoes, according to French scientists, make the best meal on the day of a game. They have glucides, which give the player a lot of energy. They also include useful vitamins. According to one piece of research, a player should eat 200-⁠300 grams of mashed potatoes, boiled for 20 minutes, exactly three hours before going to the game.

E. Physics can explain a football wonder  — the banana kick. This happens when a ball suddenly changes its direction at the end of its flight. At a certain speed, the air flowing over a flying ball becomes ‘turbulent’. This means that the air moves irregularly over the ball. As the ball slows down, the air becomes ‘smooth’ again. This slowdown makes the ball turn dramatically, creating the wonderful ‘banana’ kicks that the spectators like so much.

F. These days, footballs are made in a design based on the ‘Buckminster Ball’. The American architect Richard Buckminster Fuller came up with the design when he was trying to find a way for constructing buildings using a minimum of materials. The ball is a series of geometrical figures, which can be fitted together to make a round body. The modern football is in fact a Buckminster Ball consisting of 32 pieces. When they are joined together and filled with air they make a perfect sphere. 

G. Research has shown that watching the World Cup is good for our health even if your team goes out on penalties. The scientists suggest that a common interest and a nationalistic pride are very important. The competition makes people less concentrated on their own problems. They are also more patient and can cope with crises much easier. Watching football can, however, also be disappointing, especially when it comes to the decisions of referees and officials. Besides, watching penalties can be very nervous.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Training the mind.

2.  Welsh roots.

3.  Quick reaction.

4.  Chemistry in tennis.

5.  Too fast.

6.  Losing control.

7.  Unexpected prize.

8.  Ads with wings.

A. By now Wimbledon has become a popular national festival, together with Ascot and the Cup Final. Many people in Britain don’t know that tennis was first played in Wales. It was there, in 1873, that Major Walter Wingfield played a game with the recently invented rubber balls and enjoyed it so much, that he decided to develop the standards of the game. He published the first book of tennis rules later that year. The first Wimbledon championship was held a few years later in 1877 and the British Lawn Tennis Association formed in 1888.

B. Good mental preparation is necessary for professional tennis players. In a long match they can be on the court for several hours with nobody to talk to. There can be hundreds of stops from the crowd, their opponent and, especially at Wimbledon, the rain. Players need to practice methods for improving their concentration and for motivating themselves when the game is going against them. They are often taught to imagine some situations, such as a tense tie-⁠break. Then they imagine what to do with it.

C. Many players find it impossible to stay calm in the stressful situation of a long tennis match and let their temper out. John McEnroe was famous for his quarrels with referees. Several players have been given warnings for throwing the racket or swearing. Some players lose matches they could easily win because their mind lets them down. Pat Rafter said that he couldn’t breathe in his 2000 Wimbledon final. The stress of being near the victory can be too much for a person.

D. The power of today’s tennis game is only partly created by the athletes themselves. Much of it comes from their rackets. New designs mean players can hit the ball with more speed and accuracy than ever before. It started in the 1970s when the traditional wooden racket was replaced with metal. Since then different materials have been used. Graphite has made the biggest influence. Now the graphite can be mixed with materials such as boron and titanium to produce even stronger, and lighter, rackets.

E. Speed isn’t always a good thing. Many fans are complaining that the speed of the game is making tennis boring to watch. After two years of testing, a new ball has now been invented which could slow down tennis and make it more exciting to watch. The ball is put together in exactly the same way as the one used now, but is 6% larger in diameter. The bigger ball gives the receiver 10% more reaction time in which to return the serve. So the number of aces  — serves in a match that the receiver fails to return  — will be far fewer.

F. When Irishman John Boland travelled to Athens for the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, he had no idea he would return home with the gold medal in tennis. But then, he had no idea he would compete either  — he went to watch the competion. In comparison, today’s Olympic tennis players include some of the best athletes in the world. They are used to five-⁠star hotels and hundreds of thousands of dollars, but at the Olympic Games they will stay in the Olympic Village and compete for nothing but a gold medal.

G. The Wimbledon tennis tournament is famous for pigeons that sometimes come flying on to Centre Court and stop the game. So, producers of a video tennis game designed for PlayStation2 decided to use specially trained homing pigeons, decorated with the game’s logo. Twenty birds will be spray-⁠painted with the Virtual Tennis logo and trained to fly in and out of the home of British tennis during the matches of the Wimbledon championship. The advertising pigeons will go straight for the fans and show their logos to them.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Controlling skies.

2.  Lack of safety.

3.  Bicycle is faster.

4.  Office at home.

5.  Blocked roads.

6.  Paid roads.

7.  Improving railways.

8.  Buses instead of cars.

A. The world’s first public passenger railway was built in Great Britain in 1826 and ran between the industrial north-⁠eastern towns of Stockton and Darlington. After 180 years’ experience the British say that their trains still don’t seem to run efficiently or even safely. On average, about 500 accidents with broken rail tracks happen in the country every year.

B. The British government is promising to give £33.5 billion to modernise the railways before 2010. Another £30 billion is to come from the private sector. The main target is to increase safety and speed. For example, new London-⁠to-⁠Scotland high-⁠speed trains significantly reduce journey times and in 2004 a warning system was installed throughout the country.

C. Statistics show that only 12% of all journeys made in Britain are by public transport. The remaining 88% are made by car. Every year British people spend about two weeks travelling to and from work including nine days in their own cars. But anyone will say this isn’t a quick and easy way to travel. In fact, a journey from London to Manchester frequently takes seven hours. A cyclist could get there quicker.

D. Every year there are about half a million traffic jams in Britain. That is nearly 10,000 a week. There are hundreds of big traffic jams every day. According to the forecast, the number of jams will grow by 20 per cent over the next ten years. Nearly a quarter British people find themselves in a jam every day and 55 per cent at least once a week.

E. Nowadays many British people take their children to school by car. Twenty years ago, nearly one in three primary school children made their own way to school. Now only one child in nine makes their own way. During the school year at 08:50 a. m. one car in five on the roads in any British town is taking children to school. The solution could be special school buses widely used in the USA.

F. Many scientists hope that new technologies allowing more people to work at home may help with traffic problems. Fewer people will work from 9 to 5 and travel to and from work during the rush hour. But only 15% of people now want to spend more time working at home. The workplace is, for many people, a place to meet other people and to talk to them, so they would miss it if they worked from home. 

G. In 1903, the Wright brothers made the first aeroplane flight. It only lasted 12 seconds but changed the world forever. A century later, air travel is no longer a miracle, it is part of everyday life. One billion air passengers now fly every year  — that’s equivalent to a sixth of the world’s population. To make sure everything runs smoothly, there are special air traffic control centres in each country which watch every aeroplane.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Useful Invention.

2.  US Younger Generation.

3.  Modern Branch of Industry.

4.  Historical Separation.

5.  Verbal Misunderstanding.

6.  Britain, the World Empire.

7.  All in One.

8.  Old Enough.

A. For 150 years America was a British colony. At that time British and American English were almost exactly the same. When America won the War of Independence in 1776, it became a free country. The USA was quickly growing richer, and millions of Europeans came to settle here. They brought new words and expressions to the language. As a result, English in America began to develop in its own way and today, there are certain differences in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and spelling between American and British English.

B. Typical American teenagers are in fact very ordinary. They think their teachers make them work too hard, they love their parents but are sure they don’t understand anything, and their friendships are the most important things in their lives. Some of them do have a lot of money to spend, but usually they have earned it themselves. Most young people take jobs while they are in school. They work at movie theatres, fast-⁠food restaurants, gas stations, and stores to pay for their clothes and entertainment. Maybe this is what makes them so independent from their parents at such a young age?

C. Is it possible to have one device with the functions of a TV-⁠set, a PC and the Internet? With the advent of Internet TV it has become a reality. Imagine watching a film on TV and getting information on the actors in the film at the same time! To enter web-⁠addresses and write e-⁠mails you use a remote control and an on-⁠screen keyboard or an optional wireless keyboard. By clicking a button, you can also read adverts, ‘chat’ with a friend, plan your holiday and play your favourite video games. And in the future you’ll be able to change the plot of the film you are watching!

D. When do you stop being a child and become an adult? There are lots of laws about the age when you can start doing things. In Britain, for example, you can get married at 16, but you cannot get a tattoo until you are 18. In most American states you can have a driving licence at 17, but you cannot drink until you are 21. In Russia you can be put to prison when you are 16, but you cannot vote until you are 18. In fact, most European countries and the US have the same age for voting: 18. Many people, however, think that this is unfair. They would like to vote at an earlier age.

E. Blue jeans were a by-⁠product of the Gold Rush. The man who invented jeans, Levi Strauss, emigrated from Germany to San Francisco in 1850. Levi was 20 years old, and he decided to sell clothes to the miners who were in California in search of gold. When he was told that durable trousers were the most needed item of clothing, Levi began making jeans of heavy tent canvas. Levi’s jeans were an immediate success. Soon he switched from canvas to a cotton fabric which came from Nimes, a city in France. The miners called it ‘denim’ and bought a lot of trousers from Strauss.

F. Some fifty years ago people hadn’t even heard of computers, and today we cannot imagine our life without them. Computer technology is now the fastest-⁠growing industry in the world. The first computer was the size of a minibus and weighed a ton. Today, its job can be done by a chip the size of a pinhead. And the revolution is still going on. Very soon we’ll have computers that we’ll wear on our wrists or even in our glasses and ear-⁠rings. Such wearable computers are now being developed in the USA.

G. Some American words are simply unknown on the other side of the Atlantic, and vice versa. But a lot of words exist in both variants, and these can cause trouble. British visitors to America are often surprised at the different meanings that familiar words have acquired there. If an Englishman asks in an American store for a vest, he will be offered a waistcoat. If he wants to buy a handbag for his wife, he should ask for a purse, and if she wants to buy a pair of tights, she should ask for pantyhose: tights in America are what ballet dancers wear.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Lucky escape.

2.  Long journey.

3.  Good way to meet.

4.  Growing in popularity.

5.  Ordering in.

6.  Fast food is unhealthy.

7.  A new way to buy.

8.  Too much choice.

A. When you are tired and don’t want to cook, just pick up the phone. Restaurants are expensive and take some time and effort to reach if you don’t live in the centre of town. Ordering food for home delivery is cheap and these days there is a huge choice. Indian and Chinese are the most popular but I prefer to get in a pizza.

B. A school group on a skiing holiday to Italy narrowly avoided disaster when their coach left the road and fell eighty meters into a valley. Trees slowed down the falling coach and because of the fresh new snow the vehicle landed quite softly. Amazingly no one was injured.

C. A teenager from London is making news around the world. On his recent holiday in Australia he set off without his mobile phone. Experts are amazed that he is still alive after walking for fourteen days, surviving extreme temperatures and living off the land. However, a lot of Australians are unhappy with him. The rescue cost is estimated at more than 100,000 dollars.

D. You can buy almost anything, new or second hand, on the internet. On one site you can offer the price you want to pay for something. Whoever offers the highest price can buy that item. Recently I made the highest offer for a nearly new pair of skis. However, I only paid half of what they would have cost new in a shop.

E. Making new friends on the internet makes so much sense. You can see someone’s photo and read if they share your interests and opinions. The important thing is you can spend time getting to know people who are attractive to you and looking for the same things in life that you are. Still, for personal safety, most sites recommend that in person you meet initially in a public place like a cafe or a gallery.

F. I like eating out but some restaurants have huge menus. And usually every item sounds mouth watering. The trouble is I like to read about everything on offer and sometimes waiters wait for me rather than on me! The other issue is how they can offer so much whilst maintaining quality? I’d rather take one of five options knowing that each one was brilliant.

G. "Facebook" is a social networking website that has 250 million members and despite lots of criticism by employers, governments and media, continues to attract thousands of new users daily. In spite of claims of concerns about privacy, safety and wasting time at work, "Facebook" is one of the most rapidly establishing phenomena of recent years.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  For parents and friends.

2.  Radiation threat.

3.  Threat for kids.

4.  Feeling of safety.

5.  Mobile future.

6.  Mobile booking office.

7.  New language.

8.  SMS to premier.

A. Mobile phones use ‘radio waves’ to send signals. Since the 1920s, scientists have known that radio waves can cause the heating of the skin and influence the nervous system. But mobile phones don’t produce many radio waves. Still children should be especially careful about mobile phone use because their nervous system may be hurt. Children should only use mobiles for short calls.

B. It is known that the strength of radio wave radiation decreases with distance. It suggests that hands-⁠free sets may be effective in avoiding all the dangers of mobile phones. But another study described an increase in radiation that reached the user of a hands-⁠free set. It says that the cable of the hands-⁠free set acted as an antenna, directing more radio waves into the user’s ear.

C. Train passengers will soon be able to buy tickets on their mobile phone. Chiltern Railways plans to sell tickets through mobile phones. The new technology sends a code to a mobile phone in a text message, which passengers can then scan at the station ticket barrier. It’s hoped the method will make buying tickets easier for passengers and help fight against queues at stations.

D. Many parents now use mobiles to control their children’s behaviour. It gives parents peace of mind and makes young people feel protected. Parents say that young people are safer with mobiles than without them. But, while parents said they liked to call their children on the mobile to actually hear their voice, young people liked to send text messages to parents.

E. A research showed that those young people who have a mobile feel more independent and often use it to plan meetings both relatives and peers. In particular, young people often use mobiles to ask their parents if they can come home later. The study showed that girls more often text parents to let them know they were safe than boys. They also use text messaging for socializing purposes.

F. It is not only parents who want to connect with young people through mobile technologies. Nowadays politicians and different organizations look for ways to use text messaging as a channel for communication with the young. In late 2004, the UK government offered people the opportunity to ‘text Tony’. People were invited to send a text question to the prime minister to be answered as part of a ‘mobile chat’.

G. The popularity of text messages led to the development of a special system of words or ‘chat speak’. For example, acronyms, that are words made from the first letters of other words, are often used both in online chatrooms and text messages sent to your mobile phone. This ‘chat speak’ is very popular with children who are fast at texting. Parents might be interested to know that ‘PAW’ means ‘parents are watching’!

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  A taste of everything.

2.  Shop till you drop.

3.  City’s tourist attractions.

4.  Ancient traditions live on.

5.  Activities for the adventurous and hardy.

6.  On the crossroads of religions.

7.  For the body, mind and soul.

8.  From the high peaks to the deep seas.

A. Today Jakarta has much to offer, ranging from museums, art and antique markets, first class shopping to accommodations and a wide variety of cultural activities. Jakarta’s most famous landmark, the National Monument or Monas is a 137m obelisk topped with a flame sculpture coated with 35 kg of gold. Among other places one can mention the National museum that holds an extensive collection of ethnographic artifacts and relics, the Maritime Museum that exhibits Indonesia’s seafaring traditions, including models of sea going vessels.

B. Sumatra is a paradise for nature lovers, its national parks are the largest in the world, home to a variety of monkeys, tigers and elephants. Facing the open sea, the western coastline of Sumatra and the waters surrounding Nias Island have big waves that make them one of the best surfer’s beaches in Indonesia. There are beautiful coral reefs that are ideal for diving. For those who prefer night dives, the waters of Riau Archipelago offer a rewarding experience with marine scavengers of the dark waters.

C. Various establishments offer professional pampering service with floral baths, body scrubs, aromatic oils, massages and meditation; rituals and treatments that use spices and aromatic herbs to promote physical and mental wellness. Various spa hotels are extremely popular. Indonesians believe that when treating the body you cure the mind.

D. Jakarta has a distinctly cosmopolitan flavor. Tantalize your taste buds with a gastronomic spree around the city’s many eateries. Like French gourmet dining, exotic Asian cuisine, American fast food, stylish cafes, restaurants all compete to find a way into your heart through your stomach. The taste of Indonesia’s many cultures can be found in almost any corner of the city: hot and spicy food from West Sumatra, sweet tastes of Dental Java, the tangy fish dishes of North Sulawesi.

E. In the face of constant exposure to modernization and foreign influences, the native people still faithfully cling to their culture and rituals. The pre-⁠Hindu Bali Aga tribe still maintains their own traditions of architecture, pagan religion, dance and music, such as unique rituals of dances and gladiator-⁠like battles between youths. On the island of Siberut native tribes have retained their Neolithic hunter-⁠gathering culture.

F. Whether you are a serious spender or half hearted shopper, there is sure to be something for everybody in Jakarta. Catering to diverse tastes and pockets, the wide variety of things you can buy in Jakarta is mind boggling from the best of local handicrafts to haute couture labels. Modern super and hyper markets, multi-⁠level shopping centers, retail and specialty shops, sell quality goods at a competitive price. Sidewalk bargains range from tropical blooms of vivid colors and scents in attractive bouquets to luscious fruits of the seasons.

G. The land’s long and rich history can’t be separated from the influence of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. There is one of the oldest Hindu temples in Java, the majestic Buddhist ‘monastery on the hill’, Borobudur, the largest Buddhist monument in the world. About 17 km away from this monastery is a 9th century temple complex built by the Sanjaya dynasty. Prambanan complex is dedicated to the Hindu trinity: Ciwa, Vishnu and Brahma. The spread of Islam also left interesting monuments such as the 15th century Minaret Mosque in Kudus.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Party dessert.

2.  Outdoor game.

3.  Taking care of a pet.

4.  Collecting things.

5.  Giving a party.

6.  Party animals.

7.  Fun on the way.

8.  Party game.

A. Ask your parents for permission to have a party. Decide what kind of party you want and whether it will be held indoors or outdoors. Send written invitations to your friends. Tell them what kind of party you are having, at what time, where, and whether or not the guests should wear costumes. Make a list of games you would like to play. Ask your mother to help you prepare refreshments. Ice cream, cake, cookies, and lemonade are good for any party.

B. This activity makes everybody laugh. Have the guests sit around the room. Choose one person to be a pussycat. The pussy must go over to a guest and do his/her best to make the guest laugh. He/she can make funny meows and walk around like a cat. The pussy goes from one guest to another until someone laughs. The first one to laugh becomes the new pussy.

C. It’s easy to make a cake from a cake mix that you get from the grocery store. You usually add only water or milk. Cake mixes come in many flavours, such as chocolate, lemon, banana, vanilla and others. When you make a cake from a mix, always follow the directions on the package carefully. Then you can be sure that your cake will turn out right and your guests will enjoy it. Many mixes have a small envelope of powdered frosting hidden inside the flour.

D. As you ride on a bus with your friends, get someone to start singing. Everyone joins in. At the first crossroad, another person starts a different song, and everyone joins in. Keep changing songs at every crossroad.

E. Looking after cats is easy. They wash themselves every day and eat almost any food. Cats like to drink milk and cream. But they need to be fed on fish, beef, liver, and other kinds of meat. They need a clean, dry bed at night. You can use a basket or a cardboard box for your cat’s bed. Cats like to play with a rubber ball or chase a string.

F. You can have a whole army of toy soldiers made of tin, wood or plastic. Some may be dressed in fancy uniforms, some may be sitting on horses. Others may be ready for battle, carrying guns and shoulder packs. You can have soldiers from other countries, or only Civil War soldiers or only modern soldiers. If you get two soldiers that are alike, trade your extra soldier with another toy soldier lover.

G. Even animals get involved in elections. The donkey and elephant have been political symbols in the USA for more than 100 years. Why? In 1828, Democrat Andrew Jackson ran for president. Critics said he was stubborn as a donkey. The donkey has been the symbol

of the Democratic Party ever since. In the 1870s, newspaper cartoonists began using the elephant to stand for the Republican Party.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Musical performance.

2.  Attractive landscape.

3.  Perfect holidays.

4.  Portrait of a girl.

5.  Film for all ages.

6.  Exciting hobby.

7.  Colourful festival.

8.  Interesting book.

A. This is a full-⁠length (ninety minutes) cartoon, which is entertaining for both adults and children over six. The animation and colour are of very high quality and the story has lots of fun and excitement. The plot is quick moving and full of surprises. There’s romance, action, comedy, music and lots of fantastic songs and dances.

B. This is a full-⁠blooded magnificently written portrait of history’s most fascinating woman. Readers will lose themselves for hours in this richly entertaining novel full of dramatic twists and turns. From the spectacular era that bears her name comes the spellbinding story of Elizabeth I  — her tragic childhood, her confrontation with Mary, Queen of Scots and her brilliant reign.

C. The young woman is shown in a "shepherdess" hat and white dress, recalling a classical chiton. The background landscape, common in such paintings, seems to indicate the heroine’s closeness to nature, to the ordinary joys of life. The painter’s colour range  — at times as translucent as porcelain, at others muted like mother-⁠of-⁠pearl  — is based upon subtle plays of gray and green, light blue and pink.

D. In this picture one is struck by the artist’s absolute mastery in portraying natural details, whether the dry, sandy soil of the forest, the clear stream of water in the foreground, the yellow bark and fluffy needles of the pines, or the sense of a bright, clear, calm summer day. The artist managed to create an image familiar to anyone who has seen a Russian forest.

E. Have a good time on the most lively and exciting island in the Caribbean. Relax under a palm tree on the white sandy beaches. Swim in the clear, blue sea. Listen to the bands playing Calypso music. Or get really adventurous and go scuba diving for sunken treasure on the sea bed. Join in the many cultural celebrations we offer, for example the sugar harvest festival.

F. This event is considered the greatest attraction for visitors to the Isle of Man. No definite date can be given, but it is normally held between 5th and 15th July. The Pageant begins at about 8 p.m. First we are given a glimpse of village life in Celtic times. Then suddenly Viking long ships appear and then there are scenes of war. Then Celts and Vikings unite, and the Manx nation is born. The actual Pageant is followed by a grand torchlight procession and firework display.

G. Do you like Latin American dancing? Do you want to dance like you see in the films and on the stage? Do you want to feel the rhythm of the music in your body and in your soul? Do you want to meet other people who have a love for the same music as you? If you have answered "Yes" to any of these questions, join our Latin dance classes on Thursday night between seven and ten. All are welcome.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Thoughtless behaviour.

2.  Benefits of private business.

3.  Too complicated to use.

4.  Bad for business.

5.  Science brings hope.

6.  Road incident.

7.  More parking places.

8.  Personal choice.

A. City centre parking is expensive and many important roads are now closed to private transport. This would be fine  — if public transport was cheap and convenient, but it is neither. The result is that people are avoiding the city centre so restaurants, cinemas and shops are closing.

B. The motorcyclist drew along side and I heard abusive language as he banged on the car roof. I immediately locked the car doors and tried to work out what was wrong. He then shouted that I had almost collided with him. Truth to tell  — I didn’t see him until now. I tried to apologize but he wouldn’t listen.

C. They now have cars that run on electricity, solar power and even on vegetable oil. New petrol engines are super efficient and make less harmful emissions. More people are working from home because of advances in communication technology and computer security. At last we have some grounds for optimism.

D. As she approached the traffic lights the driver in front of her tipped out a mess of fast food boxes, polystyrene cups and chip bags. She pressed her horn angrily. "Why don’t people consider what they do", she wondered helplessly. "Someone will have to clear this up and we all have to pay for it."

E. Sarah has worked for herself more than 10 years now. It had been risky but now her interior decoration business is a success. She loves being her own boss. It constantly amazes her that her friends in big corporations believe they have job security. How can they think this way when these companies are constantly firing people to make bigger profits?

F. It was not easy deciding. It never is when buying a new car. Reliability and comfort are big issues as are fuel economy, maintenance and so forth. A car has to feel right as well. Price and value for money are also critical. But in the end Ralph made his decision confident that it was just the right one for him.

G. Jane studied the small print. To make a successful insurance claim for her accident she needed so much information. Several complicated forms took hours to complete. She then needed three independent quotations, a witness statement, and a police statement and after everything she still had to pay the first $500 anyway.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Just in time.

2.  Just in case.

3.  Eventful life.

4.  A curious case.

5.  Reduced Expectations.

6.  Royal brother.

7.  Royal ancestor.

8.  Double trouble.

A. I am a mother of identical, mirror-⁠image boys  — David and John. No one but me can tell them apart. I am constantly amazed at how close they are. Once when they were babies David was ill, but it was John who began crying wildly. I tried to calm John first since nothing was wrong with him. But he only cried louder. Finally I gave some medicine to David  — who really was unwell. As soon as John sensed his brother felt better, he immediately settled to sleep.

B. The 12 year old was playing near the Platte River in North Bend, Nebraska. The river was high and as the boy stepped in, the current pushed his legs away. He floated off, spinning in the powerful current. At the last possible moment before the rapids, his yells were heard by his dog. It jumped in, reached the boy and towed him ashore. Another second and the boy would have been swept away to certain death.

C. Armgaard Karl Graves, referred to in press reports as ‘the Glasgow Spy’, was convicted in Scotland under the Official Secrets Act (1911) for spying on the British Navy. He spent years successfully creating an identity as an Australian doctor and in Scotland even conducted important clinical experiments. But he was eventually caught by a suspicious post office worker as he sent and received post under a variety of assumed names.

D. Zsa Zsa Gabor was born in Budapest on February 6th, 1917. Now in her 90s she has had a long and varied life. She was a beauty queen and singer before becoming a famous screen actress. She was married 8 times but only had one child with second husband, Conrad Hilton. Her last marriage to Frederic von Anhalt gave her the honorary title Prinzessin von Anhalt.

E. "Who do you think you are" is one of my favourite TV programs. Each episode researches the family history of a celebrity, back into the mists of time. In the UK there are good records of births, marriages and deaths going back hundreds of-⁠years. One of the best episodes was on Boris Johnson, the Mayor of London. He was thrilled when he discovered he was directly related to King George II.

F. Paris Hilton is a famous socialite, media personality, actress, model and singer. In 2007 her grandfather Barron Hilton pledged 97% of his estate  — a value of more than 2 billion US dollars  — to a charitable foundation. Many now believe that Paris and the other grandchildren have had their potential inheritance sharply reduced. Others have commented that this news was unlikely to change her future life style.

G. Andy always travels well equipped for any potential possibility. He has a sewing repair kit and a small medical kit with aspirin. These are, I suppose, perfectly sensible. But what about a ball of string, tape measure, masking tape, Swiss army penknife, disposable cutlery, disinfectant, dry bags and an inflatable back rest? Andy says you never know what might happen and it’s always best to be prepared.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Naturally different.

2.  Big age difference.

3.  Different opinions.

4.  Different ambitions.

5.  Small differences.

6.  No difference at all.

7.  Different rules.

8.  Learning to be different.

A. John and James are identical twins but they don’t go to the same school. Their parents felt this would help them develop individual tastes, interests and styles-⁠but the boys at first hated the idea. Now they are really happy at their schools but occasionally they swap places just for fun! The brothers are best friends but they now agree that their parents were probably correct.

B. Anna and Beth are twin sisters but they are most unlike each other. Technically they are "non-⁠identical" twins. Anna is blonde and Beth is a brunette. Anna is noisy, energetic and always crashing around to hip hop and rap. Beth is much quieter and likes listening to classical music and reading. Anna eats anything and Beth is a vegetarian. But they are, absolutely, the closest and best of friends.

C. The Perkins children, Sally and John, both study hard every evening after college and most weekends. Sally studies French, history and Art. She plans to go to university in Paris and wants to either work in a museum or an art sale room. John studies the Russian language, business studies and maths. He wants to study in St. Petersburg and to set up his own import business. I am sure both will succeed.

D. Greg’s dad believes that there is no original, exciting new music being written and performed today. Greg strongly disagrees and can name several new bands and singers that are both completely original and really popular. But his Dad is a professional musician and was quite successful when he was young. He argues that nearly every successful song now is simply a reworked version of an older one.

E. In the UK you can legally do different things depending on your age. You can vote for a new government at 18 but at 17 you cannot drink a beer. At 16 you can marry and become a parent but you cannot drive to your wedding or make a traditional toast! Meanwhile lots of bars and clubs are open only to people above 21 which means, married, voting, car driving parents could still be too young to enter.

F. Serious stamp collectors are men and women who appreciate details. To the casual observer, the oldest postage stamps in the world  — the Victorian "Penny Blacks"  — all look identical. Millions were made but only a few of them are truly valuable. A serious collector knows this and the ability to find tiny variations in the paper, ink or code used helps them to find the "Penny Black’s" that are rare and valuable. 

G. Dina Ruiz has Japanese and black ancestry on her father’s side of the family and English, Welsh and German on her mother’s. She was born in California and married her husband, actor Clint Eastwood, in Las Vegas. When she first met Eastwood, she was 28 and he was 63. She is most famous as a TV news "anchor" and is Chair of The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  The wrong goal.

2.  Extra-⁠curricular over load.

3.  Too much homework.

4.  Arguably helpful.

5.  Too stressful.

6.  Too many distractions.

7.  A better system.

8.  Poor co-⁠ordination.

A. My problem with homework is that I am rather fond of TV and computer games. Every evening after school it is the same. I start with the highest intentions. I’ll just play one round of Final fantasy and then begin. But it tends to be three rounds and then tea time. Oh  — and then my favourite program begins in 10 minutes so I’ll start after that. And so it goes on. Probably I lack motivation.

B. It is so much faster doing homework these days. All our assignments can be done on the PC which means correcting and changing things is so easy. But of course the Internet is the biggest shortcut of all. Maybe it’s true what they say that it stops you reading textbooks. You get snatches of information rather than the whole story. Maybe I should try to use the internet less.

C. I am a drummer and a pianist. The school really encourages this and I have two one hour lessons a week plus one to two hours daily practice. I am in the basketball team. The school encourages this and we practice twice a week. I got picked to be in the school play. Rehearsals are two hours a week. Will somebody please tell me when I am supposed to get my homework done?

D. Exam practice, constant revision, exam techniques and how to get the highest possible grade  — is this what education is supposed to be about? The school seems obsessed with grades and the school results league table. We are currently 17th highest achievers in England but if we really try hard this year we might make top 10. Silly me! I thought education was about learning and preparing for adult life.

E. For some kids exams bring more pressure than they can cope with. They worry about what their parents will say, not to mention what their teachers or classmates will think. No wonder some of them freeze up in the exam hall and are unable to write anything out of sheer nerves.

F. Why do they do it? We get three weeks in a row with minimal homework and then every teacher in the school sets a massive assignment to be completed "by next Friday  — no late submissions". Why don’t they get together and try and even the load?

G. I think Continuous Assessment is a very sensible idea. Education should not simply be about slick exam performance, but about overall how you perform in school  — how you study, how much you read, how logical and clear your essay arguments are. 50% of our final grading should be based on course work. I think it is fair.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Motivating opportunity.

2.  Books come first.

3.  Teachers to come first.

4.  Junk food  — out.

5.  Numbers come first.

6.  Relevant for today.

7.  Learn by using.

8.  Fewer and worse.

A. High school students have rights protected by the Constitution like everyone else, but it is complicated. There is no one set of rules. State laws differ from federal laws, and school board regulations vary from place to place. Students discover what rights they have by trying to exercise them, and, if prevented, taking the school to court.

B. Kids who live on junk food grow up to be fat and unhealthy, so schools should teach good health. They should fill their vending machines with health foods, and lunch programs should serve nothing but nutritious meals. If some kids complain, so what? They complain about algebra, too.

C. There is a new five-⁠year program that lets students earn a high school diploma and two years of college at no cost. It is getting kids who are at risk to become more mature in the lower grades, to take college-⁠prep courses, study harder, and focus on a career. Once in the program, very few drop out.

D. Neuroscience (brain science) is finding out how teaching affects the brain. It has discovered pre-⁠school kids can learn numbers and simple math because the number instinct is hard-⁠wired in the brain. So is the language instinct, but teaching kids to read is harder. It takes longer for the brain to connect sounds with letters  — up to 11 years.

E. In hard times, colleges must be relevant. Today’s students want Chinese and Arabic, not Latin and Greek. Economics is in demand; and even English classes are teaching how to network, write a resume, and present oneself in an interview. It is not a good time to be a philosophy professor.

F. Computers help with drills and practice, but they are not much help in higher-⁠level thinking. In the lower grades, money is better spent on new textbooks, music programs and the arts. In the higher grades, there is no choice. Everyone should learn to use the electronic genie.

G. The US program, No Child Left Behind, seeks to place a qualified teacher in every classroom. But where is the pool of qualified people out there waiting to teach disadvantaged kids in the cities? US policy should provide better training and support for those already teaching. They could start a new program and call it No Teacher Left Behind.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Travel memories.

2.  Animal lover magazine.

3.  Travel to stars.

4.  Star dreams.

5.  Popular hobby.

6.  Family magazine.

7.  People and nature.

8.  Animals in danger.

A. Most people who spend a holiday travelling take a camera with them and photograph anything that interests them  — sights of a city, views of mountains, lakes, waterfalls, men and women, children, ruins of ancient buildings, and even birds and animals. Later looking through their albums they will remember the happy time they have had, the islands, countries and cities they have seen.

B. Of course, different people dream of different things. Someone wishes a calm and quiet life; others imagine their life as a never-⁠ending adventure. The majority dream of something concrete: a villa in some warm place, an account in a Swiss bank, a splendid car… It’s interesting to know what the dreams of people who already have all this are. Celebrities, as we know, never hide their unusual hobbies, and often shock us with their extravagant behaviour.

C. It is Junior Baseball Magazine’s mission to provide information that enhances the youth baseball experience for the entire family. The player improves his skills and is more successful. The family enjoys the activity more and shares this precious time in their life. Junior Baseball emphasizes good sportsmanship, safety, physical fitness and wholesome family values.

D. The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison like industrial, nuclear and chemical waste. The Mediterranean Sea is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following it. The Aral Sea is on the brink of extinction. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas. Every ten minutes one species of animal, plant or insect dies out forever.

E. Lots of people all over the world enjoy collecting stamps. Stamps are like little pictures. Very often they show the flowers or the trees which grow in this or that country, or they can show different kinds of transport of the country. Stamps may also have portraits of famous people on them. Some stamps show art work from the history of the country.

F. "Friend" is the title of my favourite magazine. It consists of 70 pages, with lots of colourful and bright pictures and provides interesting and useful information for people who love animals. The magazine includes numerous articles devoted to various topics connected with domestic animals, ways to take care of them, pet food, animal health and many other topics crucial for any animal lover.

G. People are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not just somebody else’s. Many people join and support various international organizations and green parties. What could be more important than human life? Polluted air, poisoned water, wastelands, noise, smoke  — all these influence not only nature but people as well. Everything should be done to improve ecological conditions on our planet.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  How It All Began.

2.  Equal Rights for Comics!

3.  European And Asian Varieties.

4.  No Longer Just for Children.

5.  Spider-⁠Man Forever!

6.  Time of Great Change.

7.  They Don’t Know What They Are Talking About.

8.  Birth of a Hero.

A. Comic books are an important part of pop culture and loved by many. Just look at how many Hollywood films are based on superhero comics such as Spider- Man, Batman, Superman and others! However, some people mistakenly assume they are only for children or that they are only about superheroes. There are many wrong ideas about comics, and they often come from people who have never even read them.

B. Comics first appeared in the USA in the early 1900's as comic strips in newspapers. They were called 'comics' because they were about comical characters. Later they included adventure and crime stories and other genres, and became serialized. The more popular ones were printed in book format and were called comic books. These were especially common during the Great Depression. But they were often criticized for being 'literature for the illiterate'.

C. Comic books about crime fighters and criminals were in demand in the 1930's. One of them, Detective Comics, had a series about a man who dressed up as a bat to fight criminals. Fans loved him so much that eventually he had his own comic book and became known as Batman. Due to his success, other superheroes were soon invented. Superhero comics continued to grow in popularity and are now what people often associate comics with.

D. In the 1960's comic book writers began to experiment more. Some explored genres and themes not usually used for comics, others experimented with artwork, using more sophisticated styles. In the 70's and 80's these trends intensified and even the format changed. In 1978 Will Eisner wrote A Contract with God, the first full book length comic. Such works were no longer called comic books, but graphic novels.

E. Nowadays there are a great variety of comic books that are radically different from the original comic strips in newspapers. They have also become more acceptable in society: earlier, if you were not a child but were interested in comics, you were looked down upon and could be called a geek or a nerd; now comic books have become largely mainstream. Comic book conventions where fans gather and even dress up as their favorite superheroes are very popular.

F. The USA is not the only country with a history of comic books. France and Japan have their own unique traditions. In France, comics are known as bandes desslnees and in Japan, manga. Each of these has its own style and history of development. The highly stylized Japanese manga characters with big eyes and brightly colored spiky hair have become just as popular around the world as comics in the west.

G. The medium of comics will undoubtedly continue to grow. Over time, the stereotypes that surround them will hopefully change. There is no reason for comics to be any different from other media such as books, films or paintings. Comics, like these other formats, will always produce bestsellers of little artistic merit, but there will also be masterpieces equivalent to great works of art or high literature.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Just Do It!

2.  Just What the Doctor Ordered.

3.  Dangerous Consequences.

4.  Source of the Problem.

5.  Take It Easy!.

6.  Hard to Guess the Meaning.

7.  The Devil Is Not So Black As He is Painted.

8.  A Hidden Problem.

A. You can often find articles and books addressing the problem of procrastination. If you don't know this word, you might think it was a terrible disease. In reality, procrastination can be defined as a bad habit of doing something less important in order to avoid doing something more important. People procrastinate in many different areas, but we will focus on procrastinating at school, where it is a frequent problem.

B. Procrastination at school can lead to poor grades, low test scores, and finally not getting into a good university. Another negative result of procrastination is the stress of waiting to the last minute to do something. This can lead to staying up all night to prepare for a test. Also, the constant stress of having something hanging over your head, being scolded and criticized by teachers and parents can lead to feelings of guilt and worthlessness.

C. Usually it is very obvious when somebody is procrastinating, for example, playing video games instead of doing homework. Sometimes, however, it can be less obvious. Sharpening your pencils and cleaning your desk may fool some people into thinking you are working hard, but can also be forms of procrastination. Some pupils are even able to fool themselves into thinking they are working, when they are just trying to avoid real work.

D. It is not always clear why people procrastinate. Some are just lazy or don't have enough willpower, but there may be other reasons, perfectionism for one. Some people are afraid that they will be judged by others as failures if their work is less than perfect. For example, a pupil may fear the judgment of parents and teachers on a school report. According to psychologists, this fear of failure may be a cause of procrastination.

E. Although it is difficult, there are ways to stop procrastinating. One way of doing it is to find out why you are procrastinating and deal with those problems. If you are a perfectionist, try to do the task quickly and not worry about it being perfect. Another solution, especially when the task seems too big, is to break it into smaller steps and do those one by one. This may lessen the desire to procrastinate.

F. Still, procrastinating can be a good thing. For those who spend much more time working on a project than is necessary, waiting until the last minute can be a more economical use of time. Also, some people while procrastinating do things that are creative or useful in other ways. Finally, a certain amount of procrastination is part of human nature. Feeling guilty about it can be worse and more damaging than the procrastination itself.

G. Procrastination is also a popular subject of laughter in films and TV shows and there are many coffee mugs, cartoons, and notebooks covered with jokes about it. Though many people consider it a serious psychological problem and even view it as a kind of disease, others laugh about it and are even proud to be procrastinators.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  When we don’t sleep.

2.  Not only for humans.

3.  How dreaming helps.

4.  When we dream.

5.  Why dreams can be scary.

6.  What we feel dreaming.

7.  How we forget dreams.

8.  How we remember dreams.

A. Even though our dreams may feel like they last for hours and hours, we hardly spend more than two hours dreaming each night, which means a person spends a total of nearly six years dreaming throughout a lifetime. In general there are four phases of the sleep cycle and all dreaming occurs practically at the final phase. Each of these sleep cycles lasts approximately 60 to 90 minutes and may repeat several times throughout the night.

B. Anxiety is the most popular emotion experienced in dreams. Many people dream of falling, which is often connected to something in our lives that is going in the wrong direction. In addition, dreams of being chased are very common and are linked to avoidance. Also people report dreams about their teeth falling out, which is related to the words and communication we might have in real life.

C. Dreaming helps people make sense of the information and events that occur in their lives. Dreams play an important role in processing and remembering information that we absorb daily. Also, they help reduce stress and even solve problems. It’s very possible to work through real-⁠life problems while dreaming at night. In addition, dreams provide a lot of important content and meaning that can be used to inspire and direct our lives during the day.

D. Nearly 5 to 10% of adults have nightmares. There are several reasons for it, for example when people start taking certain medications or when they withdraw from drugs. Some physical conditions, such as stress or illness, can also be a trigger. However, in some cases adults may have frequent nightmares that are unrelated to their everyday lives, which may signify that they are more creative, sensitive, and emotional than the average person.

E. There is no person who does not have dreams, but not everybody recalls them. The most vivid dreams happen during the Rapid Eye Movement sleep stage when the brain is extremely active and the eyes move back and forth quickly underneath the eyelids. Although dream recall varies from person to person, some people have little or no recollection of the content, and around 90% of dreams are gone following the first 10 minutes of waking up.

F. Scientists have found that animals also dream and their subconscious thoughts are connected to real experiences. Animals’ dreams are complex, containing long sequences of events. Animals’ brains share the same series of sleeping states as the brain of human beings. Analyzing animals’ dreams and the content of their dreams may help scientists treat memory disorders and develop new ways for people to learn and retain information more effectively.

G. Only five minutes after the end of a dream and half of the content is likely to vanish from our memories. It’s not that dreams aren’t important enough to keep in mind, but other things tend to get in the way. Dream researcher L. Strumpell believes that dreams disappear from our memories for a number of factors. For example, we may not recall dream images that lack intensity, association or repetition, which are usually needed for dream recall.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Controversies and developments.

2.  Difficult to find the difference.

3.  Good for various spheres of life.

4.  Keeping viewers glued to a TV set.

5.  Unusual commercials.

6.  Time is money.

7.  Fairer chances for business.

8.  The appearance of TV advertising.

A. For about seventy years TV has been used as a vehicle for advertising in some countries . Since the late 1940s, television commercials have become far and away the most effective and most popular method of selling products of all sorts. The radio advertising industry was well-⁠established when television made its debut in the 1940s, and television was developed as a commercial medium, based upon the successful format of the radio.

B. In the earliest days of television, it was often difficult to understand whether you watch actual television programmes or commercials. Many of the earliest television shows were sponsored by single companies, who inserted their names and products into the shows as much as possible. For example, Texaco employees appeared during the show to perform while the Texaco musical logo would play in the background.

C. Another important milestone came in the 1960s with the introduction of very short commercial breaks during a TV show. Now it was possible for several companies to use a popular programme as an advertising platform together. It was one of the most efficient ways of marketing, and companies like Tide and Crest took it as an opportunity to expand their ad campaigns.

D. In the 1970s, the broadcast of television advertisements which promoted cigarettes was banned by the administration. This resulted in a conflict between the government and television networks, as for them these ads constituted a significant portion of the total revenue. The period between the 1970s and the 1990s was marked by the increase of the time of commercial breaks from 9 to 19 minutes or the debut of celebrities advertising brand products.

E. Today the vast majority of television commercials consist of brief advertising spots, ranging in length from a few seconds to several minutes. Commercials of this sort have been used to sell literally every product imaginable over the years, from household products to goods and services, to political campaigns. It is considered impossible for a politician to wage a successful election campaign without airing a good television commercial.

F. The brief commercial "breaks" that interrupt shows regularly are the primary reason for the existence of modern-⁠day television networks. The programming is intended to capture the attention of the audience so that they will not want to change the channel; instead, they will (hopefully) watch the commercials while waiting for the next segment of the show. Entire industries exist that focus solely on the task of keeping the viewing audience interested enough to sit through commercials.

G. The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective mass-⁠market advertising format, and this is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial airtime during popular TV events. The ratings systems determine how successful television shows are, so that they can decide what rates to charge advertisers for their commercial airtime. For example, a single thirty-⁠second TV spot in prime time may cost up to $2 million.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8 и тек­ста­ми A–G. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии есть один лиш­ний за­го­ло­вок.

1.  Travel memories.

2.  Animal lover magazine.

3.  Travel to stars.

4.  Star dreams.

5.  Popular hobby.

6.  Family magazine.

7.  People and nature.

8.  Animals in danger.

A. Most people who spend a holiday travelling take a camera with them and photograph anything that interests them  — sights of a city, views of mountains, lakes, waterfalls, men and women, children, ruins of ancient buildings, and even birds and animals. Later looking through their albums they will remember the happy time they have had, the islands, сountries and cities they have seen.

B. Of course, different people dream of different things. Someone wishes a calm and quiet life; others imagine their life as a never-⁠ending adventure. The majority dream of something concrete: a villa in some warm place, an account in a Swiss bank, a splendid car... It’s interesting to know what the dreams of people who already have all this are. Celebrities, as we know, never hide their unusual hobbies, and often shock us with their extravagant behaviour.

C. It is Junior Baseball Magazine’s mission to provide information that enhances the youth baseball experience for the entire family. The player improves his skills and is more successful. The family enjoys the activity more and shares this precious time in their life. Junior Baseball emphasizes good sportsmanship, safety, physical fitness and wholesome family values.

D. The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison like industrial, nuclear and chemical waste. The Mediterranean Sea is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following it. The Aral Sea is on the brink of extinction. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas. Every ten minutes one species of animal, plant or insect dies out forever.

E. Lots of people all over the world enjoy collecting stamps. Stamps are like little pictures. Very often they show the flowers or the trees which grow in this or that country, or they can show different kinds of transport of the country. Stamps may also have portraits of famous people on them. Some stamps show art work from the history of the country.

F. "Friend" is the title of my favourite magazine. It consists of 70 pages, with lots of colourful and bright pictures and provides interesting and useful information for people who love animals. The magazine includes numerous articles devoted to various topics connected with domestic animals, ways to take care of them, pet food, animal health and many other topics crucial for any animal lover.

G. People are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not just somebody else’s. Many people join and support various international organizations and green parties. What could be more important than human life? Polluted air, poisoned water, wastelands, noise, smoke  — all these influence not only nature but people as well. Everything should be done to improve ecological conditions on our planet.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  For information and urgent help.

2.  World without buttons.

3.  To monitor and treat the disease.

4.  A built-⁠in charger.

5.  Key under your skin.

6.  Big brother is watching you.

7.  Disadvantages of tech.

8.  Phone always on you.

A. Sure, we’re virtually connected to our phones 24/7 now, but what if we could be literally plugged in to our phones? That’s already starting to happen. Last year, for instance, artist Anthony Antonellis had a chip put in his arm that could store and transfer data to his handheld smartphone. And researchers are already experimenting with sensors that turn human bone into living speakers.

B. In the future patients will be able to use implantable technologies to diagnose and even treat diseases. Scientists in London are developing swallowable capsule-⁠sized chip that will control fat levels in obese patients and generate genetic material that makes them feel "full". It has potential as an alternative to surgery to handle obesity. Also it can monitor blood-⁠sugar levels for diabetics.

C. The U.S. military has programs to identify any person using face scanning device. Some people see it as a doubtless advantage: improved crime fighting, secure elections and never a lost child again. However, such technologies can hammer against social norms and raise privacy issues. And one day there might be a computer to see all, know all and control all.

D. One of the challenges for implantable tech is delivering power to devices which are inside human bodies. You can’t plug them in as you do with your phone or computer. You can’t easily take them out to replace a battery. A team in Cambridge is working on specific bio batteries that can generate power inside the body, transfer it wirelessly where needed, and then simply melt away.

E. Soon tattoos will not only make you look cool but will be able to perform useful tasks, like opening your car or entering smartphone codes with a fingerpoint. Researchers have made an implantable skin fiber thinner than a human hair. Scientists are working on the chip that can be put inside a finger through a tattoo-⁠like process, letting you unlock things or enter codes simply by pointing.

F. The British research team is developing pills with microprocessors in them that can text to hospitals directly from inside your body. The pills can share inside info to help doctors know if you are taking your medication properly and if it is having the desired effect. Moreover, in case of emergency, it can send a signal to the computer and the ambulance will come straight away.

G. Lately touchscreens are everywhere  — from computers, phones, tablets to car systems and vending machines. Even doorbells now include touch screen controls. One has to wonder: are we moving to a world of only touchscreen devices? And the answer is probably yes. We are coming to an age where every flat or even curved surface could be made a touchscreen and we can operate from it.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  A good source of information.

2.  From elitist knowledge to democratic usage.

3.  The revival of letter writing.

4.  A beautiful tradition lost.

5.  Making it quick and efficient.

6.  The victory of technology.

7.  Beauty is forever.

8.  As long as you can write on it!

A. There is something pleasant about receiving a handwritten letter from a friend. It is also very enjoyable to write a letter  — choosing the paper and envelope, writing with a favourite pen, and the satisfying closure of licking the envelope and putting on a stamp. Unfortunately, since the widespread use of email, not many people write and send letters any more. The history of letter writing, however, is very interesting.

B. Before the invention of the postal service, letters were delivered on foot by couriers. The ancient Greeks used athletic runners for that. Later, horses were used because they were faster and could be changed at various stations. The Romans developed this system into a postal service. The Latin word 'positus' meant carriers, and that is where the English word 'post' comes from.

C. The material of letter writing has changed over time. Originally, people wrote on clay tablets. Later the Egyptians started using papyrus, a plant that grows in the river. The English word 'paper' comes from this plant. In the West, paper was produced from animal skins. In medieval times, the Saxons used the bark of the beech tree, called bok. This is where the English word 'book' comes from.

D. Literacy has had a big effect on letter writing: if you can't read you can't write letters! Before the 15t century letter writing was restricted to governments, the church, and the aristocracy. After the invention of the printing press that made books cheaper, literacy was greatly increased. Ordinary people started writing letters and it became the most popular and the only way of long distance communication until the invention of the telegraph in 1837.

E. Much of what we know of the lives of people long dead comes from personal letters. Certainly books have provided historical information about the Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, but much of what we know of daily life from these periods comes from letters. Modern biographers get most of their information about the famous people they are writing about from their correspondence.

F. In the 18th and 19th centuries, letter writing was considered an art and essential part of life. People wrote not only to keep in touch but also as a method of literary expression, as a work of art, and conformed to conventions of etiquette and form. Literary figures wrote letters knowing that they would be read in the future by historians, and one day might be published. There were even novels consisting of a series of letters, known as the epistolary novel.

G. Even after the telephone became a common fixture in homes, people continued to write letters. What killed the letter was the widespread use of email, and the development of texting and chatting on social media. This type of communication holds many advantages. You don't need to worry about the hassle of paper, envelopes, stamps, and going to the mailbox. It is also possible to get an instant reply.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Climbing with experienced helpers.

2.  Dangers from natural disasters.

3.  Surrounded by sacred woods.

4.  Impossible to climb in the cold season.

5.  More than one summit.

6.  Offering a well-⁠equipped climb.

7.  Preferred by solo climbers.

8.  Possible health problems.

A. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world and probably the best known. It is part of the Himalaya range on the Nepal-⁠Tibet border. It attracts experienced mountaineers as well as beginners to complete a successful climb. The route to the summit takes from 10 to 12 hours. The mountain, while not posing substantial technical climbing difficulty on the standard route, still has many dangers, such as altitude sickness, due to the lack of oxygen.

B. K2 is the second highest mountain in the world after Mount Everest. K2 is known as the Savage Mountain due to the difficulty of ascent and has the second highest climber fatality rate among the 8000-⁠meter peaks. This is the reason why K2 has never been climbed in winter. Standing over 3,000 metres above the glacial valley bottoms, it is famous for its relief. K2 is a consistently steep pyramid, dropping in almost all directions.

C. Kangchenjunga is the third highest mountain in the world. It has an enormous mass with numerous satellite peaks along its ridges. The word 'Kangchenjunga' means 'The Five Treasures of Snows', as it contains five peaks, four of them over 8,450 metres. The huge massif of Kangchenjunga is supported by great ridges forming a giant 'X'. These ridges contain majestic peaks between six and eight thousand metres.

D. Lhotse is the fourth highest mountain in the world and is connected to Everest via the South Col. Lhotse has been the scene of many failed attempts and some notable fatalities. Only an expert team of guides and Sherpa can make the ascent possible. Sherpa are local people, who are regarded as elite mountaineers and experts in the Himalayas. They are valuable to explorers because they have a genetic adaptation to living in high altitudes.

E. Manaslu is the eighth highest mountain in the world. Its name means 'Mountain of the Spirit'. Manaslu's long ridges and valley glaciers offer feasible approaches from all directions and culminate in a peak that towers steeply above the surrounding landscape and is visible from a far. Full of untouched forests, the Manaslu Valley is fantastic. Tourists called it the Garden of Eden because of Buddhist prohibitions on hunting.

F. Nanga Parbat, which is the ninth highest mountain in the world, is a truly awesome spectacle. The name means 'Naked Mountain' in Hindi. Known as the 'Killer Mountain', Nanga Parbat was one of the deadliest for climbers. The route was dangerously prone to avalanche and exposed to bad weather. March is the riskiest of all months. Winters transitioning into summers cause numerous avalanches on Nanga Parbat.

G. Shishapangma is one of the easiest eight-⁠thousanders to climb due to its location entirely within Tibet. Organized climbing is cautious and careful, with excellent leadership, ‘walkie-⁠talkie’ radios, satellite telephones, the best oxygen bottles and apparatus available. For trekkers’ comfort, there are also yak caravans carrying heavy things, tasty food, individual tents for each member, and a full kitchen in basecamp.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Unhealthy eating habits.

2.  Correcting mother nature.

3.  The turning point.

4.  The solution.

5.  Simple lifestyles.

6.  Summer all year round.

7.  Unnatural lasts longer.

8.  A tricky question.

A. Have you ever wondered where our food comes from? The obvious answer is that it comes from the supermarket. However, that still doesn't answer the question because nowadays, it can come from anywhere on the planet. In addition, we have no idea how some of the food products we buy, such as hot dogs or cookies, are made. For us, food is sometimes a mystery.

B. Long ago, things were not so mysterious. Our ancestors would have known exactly where their food had come from. When we were hunters and gatherers, we ate what we killed or gathered with our own hands. Later as farmers, we grew or raised the food that we ate. If we didn't grow it ourselves, it would have come from a nearby farm or at the furthest, a neighboring village.

C. Beginning in the late 15th century, during the development of trade with India and America everything changed. Explorers discovered exotic kinds of food such as potatoes, tomatoes, pumpkins and chocolate, and introduced them to Europe. Although they are common now, people back then were suspicious and even thought they might be poisonous. All of a sudden, what you were eating was not so obvious.

D. In recent times, technology and modern forms of transportation have changed things even more. Food can be shipped from one side of the planet to the other, and refrigeration means that we don't have to worry about things spoiling. As a result, the whole idea of seasonal fruits and vegetables has lost its meaning and it no longer seems strange to eat strawberries in winter. Exotic fruits have become common, and many people have no idea where they come from.

E. Advances in food science and chemistry have changed food even more. Processed foods such as cookies, cereal, spaghetti sauces and soft drinks are made in factories with chemicals. The reason this is done is to save money since natural ingredients cost much more than artificial ones. It's also done to increase the shelf life, meaning the time that the products can remain on the shelves of the supermarket without going bad.

F. Even if you avoid eating processed foods, you still can't be sure what you are eating. Farming practices have changed beyond recognition and farms are often run like a factory. Animals are injected with hormones to make them fat and fruits and vegetables are genetically modified to produce 'improved' versions. In addition, chemical fertilizers and pesticides are regularly sprayed on plants. The health effects of this are not yet known and have yet to be seen.

G. So what can you do? The main thing you can do is educate yourself so that you know exactly what you are eating. Read the labels carefully and know what chemical ingredients are harmful. Try to buy organic fruits and vegetables that are grown naturally or buy them from local farmers' markets. By being aware and selective of the food that we buy, we can be more certain of what we are eating, enjoy more delicious food, as well as make sure we are eating healthily.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  A shop that inspired writers.

2.  Country’s brave defenders.

3.  A truly international place.

4.  Governesses of rich children.

5.  Birth of a popular sport.

6.  Textile business links.

7.  A nice-⁠sounding building.

8.  The initial steps of commerce.

A. Moscow has always been a multicultural city. If we look back at its history, we will see that there were several foreign communities living in Moscow on a permanent basis. We all know about German people inhabiting the banks of the Yauza river, where little Peter, the future tsar of all Russia, ran around, made friends and got his first ideas of learning about ships and fleets. But what do we know about the British community of Moscow? Did it even exist?

B. The first ties between Russia and Britain were formed in the middle of the 16th century in the time of Ivan the Terrible. It was then that some wealthy British merchants founded the Muscovy Company which held a monopoly on trade between Britain and Russia until 1698. The building of its Moscow headquarters was granted to the company by the tsar in 1556 and can be still visited at 4, Varvarka Street, known to us now as The Old English Court.

C. Beginning from the time of Peter the Great, several talented British military men moved to Russia. Many of them served as army generals and navy admirals, defending Russian borders in different wars and battles. Among the most famous ones were Field Marshall James Bruce, Field Marshall Barclay de Tolly and Admiral Thomas Mackenzie, all of them of Scottish origin.

D. In the 18th century, British industrialists made themselves known in Russia. One of the most outstanding figures was Robert McGill, who lived in Moscow and served as an intermediary between Lancashire mill engineers and the Russian cotton industry, and built over 150 mills (cotton factories) in Russia. Robert McGill had a house in Spiridonovka Street and together with his wife Jane was a prominent member of the British community in Moscow.

E. If you talk to Moscow concert musicians who were active between the 1960s and the 1990s, they will tell you of the fantastic acoustics of the "Melodiya" recording studio at 8, Voznesensky Lane, which they lovingly called ‘kirche’, mistakenly thinking it was a German church. This building, designed in the English neo-⁠gothic architectural style, was in fact built in 1885 by Robert McGill and is St. Andrew’s Anglican Church, which was used as a recording studio in Soviet times.

F. Another spectacular example of British architecture in Moscow is the old building of TsUM next to the Bolshoy and Maly theatres. Built in the early 1900s, it was back then the biggest department store in Moscow. It was owned by Scottish merchants Andrew Muir and Archie Mirrielees. Mayakovsky mentions Muir&Mirrielees in several of his poems, while Chekhov named his dogs after its two owners.

G. In 1887, two other cotton industrialists from Lancashire, Clement and Harry Charnock, moved to work at a cotton factory in Orekhovo-⁠Zuevo, near Moscow. They were both great football fans and decided to introduce this game to the workers of the factory. This resulted in the first professional football team in Russia which after the Revolution became the core of Moscow Dynamo team.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Getting around the city.

2.  Always in a hurry.

3.  Unknown side of the city.

4.  Winning and losing.

5.  The city of skyscrapers.

6.  For the holiday and more.

7.  Saving the variety.

8.  Nickname for a building.

A. New York is really the melting pot of the world. Over 30 percent of its residents have come from abroad. It is believed that the city has the greatest linguistic diversity on the planet. There are over 800 different languages spoken by its people. As some of these languages are nearly extinct, the City University of New York has begun a project called the Endangered Language Alliance. Its aim is to preserve rare languages like Bukhari, Vhlaski, and Ormuri.

B. New Yorkers love to think they know everything about their city: where to find the best fruit, how to avoid paying full price at museums, what route to take to avoid traffic. But New York City can reveal new treasures even to its veterans. Beyond the city where New-⁠Yorkers work, eat, play and commute every day lies a hidden New York: mysterious, forgotten, abandoned or just overlooked. There are places about which you’re not likely to read in any guidebook.

C. The Chrysler Building was in a race with the Bank of Manhattan for getting the title of the tallest skyscraper in the world. The Bank was likely to triumph, with its height of 282 meters. But the spire of the Chrysler Building was constructed in secret inside the tower. Just one week after the Bank of Manhattan was finished, it was put in place, making it 318 meters tall and beating the Bank. It wouldn’t keep this title for long: one year later the Empire State Building was erected.

D. The Flatiron Building was constructed between 1901 and 1903 at the intersection of Broadway and Fifth Avenue. It was designed by Chicago’s Daniel Burnham as a steel-⁠frame skyscraper covered with white terra-⁠cotta. Built as the headquarters of the Fuller Construction company, the skyscraper was meant to be named Fuller Building. But locals soon started calling it "Flatiron" because of its unusual shape. The name stuck and soon became

official.

E. How does Rockefeller Center manage to find the perfect fur-⁠tree each Christmas season? They do aerial searches by helicopter, of course, and bring it to the city during the night when there isn’t much traffic on the streets. After the tree is taken down for the year, it continues to be useful. For example, in 2005 Habitat for Humanity used the wood to make doorframes for houses for the poor and in 2012 the paper was used to publish a book.

F. In New York life never stands still. People have to call cabs, ride subway cars, do business of all kinds, eat pizzas and sandwiches for lunch. When you multiply that by more than eight million people in less than 500 square miles, you get the idea: everyone goes everywhere as fast as it is humanly possible. Whatever you do, don't stop in the middle of the sidewalk or you’ll make everyone around you incredibly angry.

G. New York is extremely easy to navigate. Manhattan is divided into numbered streets from north to south and avenues from east to west. It’s almost impossible to get lost there. Buses are useful to travel around Manhattan, and the subway is the best means of transport to the other parts of the city. At some stage you’ll definitely use a yellow taxi. Try to get one on an avenue that’s going in the same direction you are  — you’ll save time and money. And don’t forget to leave a tip for the driver.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  A lasting relationship.

2.  An inspirational city.

3.  An unexpected discovery.

4.  A brilliant celebration.

5.  A random birthday.

6.  Undestroyed beauty.

7.  The future of the city.

8.  Not intellectual enough.

A. Nobody knows when Moscow first appeared on the face of the earth. It is true that the first mention of Moscow dates back to 1147, but by that time it had probably been around for a while and was big enough to be mentioned in the Russian chronicles. Still, it is convenient to use that date to celebrate Moscow’s anniversaries which we are doing this year – Moscow has turned 870, a respectable age for one of the biggest capitals in the world!

B. Throughout its history, Moscow has been visited by many English speakers. The first British people arrived in Moscow in 1553 by accident. In the age of great geographical discoveries, when Spanish and Portuguese navigators were

sailing the world in search of the shortest way to Asia, British merchants tried to find their own way  — through the Arctic. When they were stopped by ice, they turned their ships south and ended up in Russia.

C. Ivan the Terrible was happy to meet the first English merchants and granted them privileges to make trade between Russia and Britain easy. This was how The Muscovy Company appeared in Britain. The Czar even granted them a house near the Kremlin. This solid brick building has survived all the fires of Moscow and can be visited today. In 1994, during Queen Elizabeth’s visit to Moscow, it was turned into a museum – The Old English Court.

D. Mr Francis Pargiter was one of the merchants of The Muscovy Company and visited Moscow in the 1660s. He did not leave a written account of his trip, but his impressions of Moscow were recorded by his friend – Samuel Pepys, a

Member of Parliament who kept a diary. Mr Pargiter described Moscow as ‘a very great city’ but mostly with wooden houses and with very few people playing chess and ‘not a man that speaks Latin’!

E. In 1867, Moscow’s 720th anniversary, a trip to Moscow was undertaken by the author of "Alice in Wonderland", Lewis Carrol. He described Moscow as a ‘wonderful city, a city of white houses and green roofs, of conical towers that rise one out of another like a telescope; of bulging glided domes, in which you can see as in looking glass, distorted pictures of the city.’ It is believed that the idea of "Through the Looking Glass" came to the writer during his trip to Russia.

F. In 1917, during the restless days of the Revolution, when not many people even remembered Moscow’s 770th anniversary, Moscow was visited by the American journalist John Reed. Among the fires and destroyed buildings, he

was happy to see St. Basil’s Cathedral untouched: ‘Late at night we went through the empty streets to the great Red Square. The church of Vasili Blazheiny loomed fantastic, its bright-⁠coloured cupolas vague in darkness’.

G. In 1947, the American writer John Steinbeck witnessed Moscow’s 800th anniversary celebration. ‘The walls of the Kremlin and its towers were outlined in electric lights. Every public building was floodlighted. In every public square dance stands had been put up, and in some of the squares little booths, made to look like Russian fairy-⁠tale houses, had been erected for sale of sweets, and ice-⁠cream, and souvenirs’, he wrote in his Russian Journal.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Perm’s industry.

2.  City’s cultural life.

3.  Natural resource as attraction.

4.  The greatest achievement.

5.  Traditionally liberal.

6.  Beneficial location.

7.  Where the name comes from.

8.  Too important to be left alone.

A. The word "Perm" first appeared in the 12th century in the Primary Chronicle, the main source describing the early history of the Russian people. The Perm were listed among the people who paid tribute to the Rus. The origin of the word "Perm" remains unclear. Most likely, the word came from the Finno-⁠Ugric languages and meant "far land" or "flat, forested place". But some local residents say it may have come from Per, a hero and the main character of many local legends.

B. Novgorodian traders were the first to show an interest in Perm. Starting from the 15th century, the Muscovite princes included the area in their plans to create a unified Russian state. During this time the first Russian villages appeared in the northern part of the region. The first industry to appear in the area was a salt factory, which developed on the Usolka river in the city of Solikamsk. Rich salt reserves generated great interest on the part of Russia’s wealthiest merchants, some of whom bought land there.

C. The history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great. Perm became the capital of the region in 1781 when the territorial structure of the country was reformed. A special commission determined that the best place would be at the crossroads of the Trans-⁠Siberian Railroad, which runs east-⁠west and the Kazan line, which runs north-⁠south. This choice resulted in Perm becoming a major trade and industrial centre. The city quickly grew to become one of the biggest in the region.

D. Perm is generally stable and peaceful, so the shocks of 1917 did not reach it right away. Neither did they have the same bloody results as in Petrograd. Perm tried to distance itself from the excesses and did not share the enthusiasm

for change of its neighbours. Residents supported more moderate parties. They voted for the establishment of a west European style democracy in Russia. Unfortunately, the city could not stay completely unaffected, as both the White

and the Red armies wanted its factories.

E. Perm’s desire for stability and self-⁠control made the region seem like a "swamp" during the democratic reforms of the 1990s. Unlike other regions, there were no intense social conflicts or strikes. Nevertheless, Perm was always among the regions that supported the democratic movement. In the 1999 elections, the party that wanted to continue the reforms won a majority in the region. So the city got an unofficial status of "the capital of civil society" or even "the capital of Russian liberalism".

F. During the Second World War many factories were moved to Perm Oblast and continued to work there after it ended. Chemicals, non-⁠ferrous metallurgy, and oil refining were the key industries after the war. Other factories produced

aircraft engines, equipment for telephones, ships, bicycles, and cable. Perm press produces about 70 percent of Russia’s currency and stamped envelopes. Nowadays several major business companies are located in Perm. The biggest players of Russian aircraft industry are among them.

G. Perm has at least a dozen theatres featuring productions that are attracting audiences from faraway cities, and even from abroad. The broad esplanade running from the city’s main square has become the site of almost continuous

international art, theatre and music fairs during the summer. Even the former prison camp with grim walls outside town was converted into a theater last July for a production of "Fidelio", Beethoven’s opera about political repression. The performance was well-⁠reviewed.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  A good investment.

2.  How it all began.

3.  Multi-⁠purpose constructions.

4.  All is well that ends well.

5.  A vertical marathon.

6.  Breathtaking athletic events.

7.  21st century technology.

8.  Once number one globally.

A. Radio and television towers are tall structures designed to transmit radio or television signals. However, besides serving their main function they often become tourist attractions, as a lot of them are true architectural wonders. Among some of the most famous  — and tallest  — towers in the world are the Tokyo Skytree, the Canton Tower in China, the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada, and the Ostankino Tower in Moscow, Russia.

B. The Ostankino Tower is 540 meters tall which makes it the tallest tower in Europe. When it was built in 1968, it was the tallest structure in the world, which it remained until 1975. The Ostankino Tower radio and television signal covers the area with the population of over 15 million people. The Tower also has an observation platform and a restaurant about 330 meters in the air which you can reach on one of the lifts in just 58 seconds.

C. The first Radio Tower in Moscow was built during the Civil War in 1922 by the outstanding Russian architect Vladimir Shukhov and is a hyperboloid structure. In fact, it was Shukhov who first invented the hyperboloid metal structure in the 1890s, inspired by the weaving of peasant baskets. Vladimir Lenin himself approved the construction of this tower which today is considered a historic and architectural monument of Soviet Constructivism.

D. Yet another use of television towers is holding sports events. Some of the most common ones are base-⁠jumping, an extreme sport where participants jump off high structures with parachutes; and bungee jumping, where the jumpers are attached to a tall structure with a large elastic cord. Among the more traditional competitions is racing up the tower staircase, which was held in the Ostankino Tower up until 2000, when the tower was damaged by the fire.

E. The fire broke out at a height of 458 m on 27 August, 2000. It took over 300 firefighters, more than 24 hours and a lot of effort to stop it. Many people were afraid that the tower would not be able to survive and would collapse. Luckily it didn’t happen. But almost all TV channels and some radio channels stopped working for several days. The reconstruction of the tower that followed lasted until 2007. In 2009 the tower reopened its doors to tourists.

F. And not only to them. On July 21, 2018, Ostankino Tower was open again to 28 sportsmen from 12 countries who raced up its winding staircase. The staircase is very narrow, so the sportsmen had to run one by one with a 30 second interval between them. Only professional runners were allowed to participate. It was a German athlete Christian Riedl who made it to the top in just 9 minutes and 51 seconds, setting a new record.

G. It would be logical to assume that television towers are the tallest structures in the world. In fact, it had been true until 2009 when the Burj Khalifa, the tallest sky-⁠scraper in the world, was built in Dubai. It cost about $1.5 billion to complete the construction of this building, but it paid off: office and apartment space pricing is over $40,000 per m2, and over 90% of all the apartments and offices are now occupied!

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Moscow is not for sale.

2.  The city of the future.

3.  True to life.

4.  The younger generation.

5.  A new home.

6.  One of many.

7.  A team effort.

8.  A hidden treasure.

A. Hotel Ukraina is a remarkable building. It is located at the beginning of Kutuzovsky Avenue on the bank of the Moskva River. Built in 1957 and having a style of its own, it is worth seeing as an architectural sight. But if you go inside and walk all the way to the end of the lobby you will be rewarded with an even better sight, the existence of which is not widely known.

B. You will see there a diorama of the central part of Moscow as it looked back in 1977. This is a model of the center of Russia’s capital that was made by a large group of artists for the 1977 Soviet National Exhibition in the USA. This true work of art has a special illumination system, so Moscow can be seen during the daytime and at night when the sky turns dark and the windows of the buildings light up.

C. The model is 16 metres wide, 6 metres tall and 9.5 metres deep. On this model you can see the Kremlin and Red Square with tourist buses parked behind St Basil’s Cathedral, Rossiya Hotel, the Moskva River with river trams, the embankment with cars, New Arbat street, and even the high-⁠rise of the Moscow State University and the Ostankino TV and radio Tower. The model is very detailed and accurate.

D. After its display in Deer Park in New York City in 1977, this unique model of Moscow travelled for several years all around the world and then back to Moscow. It won a gold medal at the Leipzig Fair and was called a masterpiece. The famous US astronaut Neil Armstrong, who was the first man to walk the surface of the Moon, wanted to buy this model of Moscow for Disneyland. But the artists refused to sell it.

E. After its return to Moscow, the model was kept at VDNH, and then was purchased by Hotel Ukraina. Since then it’s been admired by the guests of this hotel. You can look at the model from two different levels  — the same level as the model itself, or an upper floor. The model is supplied with several pairs of headphones with an audio guide in English, Russian, French and German, explaining which part of Moscow you are looking at.

F. Even though so special and unique, this is not the only model of Moscow that exists in the city. A new architectural model of Moscow was built at VDNH in 2017. It is a lot bigger than the 1977 model and is more up to date. It occupies a special building and can be visited free of charge. The main difference is that even though equally accurate and even more detailed, the new model is just a model and not a piece of art.

G. Perhaps, the first model of a big city was created in 1940 in Los Angeles. Since then, there have been made many models of different cities around the world. One of the most impressive ones is the model of Jerusalem, Israel. It is a 1:50- scale model of how the city looked in the 1^st century AD. It occupies 2,000 square meters and is located outdoors, in the Billy Rose Sculpture garden of the Israel Museum.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  A time for physical exercise.

2.  It is worth it!

3.  Traditional winter drinks.

4.  Not as bad as you may think!

5.  A unique cultural season.

6.  Just know the right people!

7.  Too pretty to be real!

8.  Where old and new times meet.

A. If you mention travelling to Moscow in the winter, most foreign tourists will think you are crazy. Many of them will imagine snow, freezing temperatures and having to wear big parkas and fur hats. They are missing out, though, because winter in Moscow is like a fairy tale, and one of the most beautiful times of the year to visit. There is so much to see and do that the chance to visit this beautiful city during the winter should not be missed.

B. The shocking truth is that the Russian capital at wintertime is not as cold as many people would imagine. While the weather can be unpredictable, most of the time the temperature is around –5 degrees Celsius with a moderate amount of snow. Compared to Siberia, it is very mild. The biggest problems are that you can slip and fall on the ice, and salt on the sidewalks which can destroy your boots.

C. Many famous places of interest in Moscow become magical in the winter. Red Square is one of the first places to go to. With the snow falling gently, Saint Basil's Cathedral looks like a giant wedding cake covered in icing. Another place one should certainly visit is Novodevichy Convent with its lacelike towers and golden domes. When surrounded by snow, it resembles a fairy-⁠tale castle of a beautiful princess.

D. Muscovites enjoy a wide variety of sports and activities in the wintertime. Cross-⁠country skiing is a great way to both get fit and enjoy the winter beauty of the many public parks in Moscow. Another favorite pastime is ice skating. There is a giant skating rink every winter in Red Square and many smaller rinks throughout the city. There are many other winter sports that are popular such as snowboarding, sledding and ice fishing.

E. There are a lot of events in Moscow that can be experienced only in winter. The New Year holiday celebration is the most special time of the year and is like Christmas and New Year's Eve combined into one big party. The Russian Winter festival features performances of traditional Russian song and dance, games, crafts and ice sculptures. Finally, those feeling brave can dive into an ice hole for the Epiphany holiday.

F. If you get too cold while walking around, you can always go into a shop to warm up. There are many modern shopping malls throughout Moscow, but if you want to experience the retro charm and nostalgia of days past, there is no better place than GUM on Red Square or Eliseevsky food store on Tverskaya. In addition, there are many cafes located throughout the city if you need a hot drink or something to eat.

G.

If you make Russian friends, you may get invited to their dacha and see the beautiful winter countryside outside Moscow. Here the snow will be deeper and the temperatures lower, but you won't be too cold as Russians have ways to stay warm. Best of all is the Russian Steam Bath. You can sit in the steam and when you find yourself hot and sweaty, you can do as the Russians do and jump in the snow outside to cool off.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Building materials.

2.  The longest on Earth.

3.  Safe travel.

4.  Designing a building.

5.  Invented by accident.

6.  Comfortable living.

7.  How did they do it?

8.  Why seasons change.

A. Most of Africa’s rural peoples use natural resources that are locally available for their homes. In grasslands, people typically use grass to cover the walls and roofs. In forested areas, they use hardwoods as well as bamboo and raffia palm. Earth and clay are also major resources used in construction. In areas with few natural resources, people often live as nomads, moving from place to place. Instead of making permanent homes, they usually use simple shelters or tents made of animal skins and woven hair.

B. An architect must consider how a structure will be used and by whom. An apartment building, a palace, a hospital, a museum, an airport, and a sports arena all have different construction requirements. Another factor is the ideas the structure should communicate. For example, some buildings are made to impress people with a display of power and wealth; others  — to make everyone feel welcome. Other things to consider are the location and surrounding environment, including weather, and the cost of materials.

C. Did you know that an eleven-⁠year-⁠old child first created the Popsicle? The boy’s name was Frank Epperson. In 1905, Frank left a mixture of water and powdered soda out on his porch by mistake. It also contained a stir stick. That night, fortunately for Frank, the temperatures fell to a record low. As a result, he discovered the substance had frozen to the stick, and a frozen fruit flavoured ice treat was created. He decided to call it the epsicle, which was later patented by him and named as Popsicle.

D. As Earth goes around the sun, the North Pole points to the same direction in space. For about six months every year, the North Pole is tilted towards the sun. During this time, the Northern Hemisphere gets more direct sunlight than the Southern Hemisphere and more hours of daylight. During the other six months, the North Pole is tilted away from the sun. When the Northern Hemisphere gets the most sunlight, it experiences spring and summer. At the same time, the Southern Hemisphere gets autumn and winter.

E. In southern Peru, there is an isolated plateau where the wind almost never blows. Here, around the year 400 to 650 AD, the people of the Nazca culture created the famous Nazca lines, by removing the red stones covering the ground so that the white earth beneath was visible. These Nazca lines are actually portraits of animals such as monkeys, birds or fish. It is a mystery how such a primitive civilization could create such artwork with precision when they had no means of viewing their work from the air.

F. Antarctica, which is the southernmost and fifth largest continent, does not have twenty-⁠four-⁠hour periods divided into days and nights. In the South Pole, the sun rises on about September 21 and moves in a circular path until it sets on about March 22. This "day", or summer, is six months long. During this period, if the weather conditions are good, the sun can be seen twenty-⁠four hours a day. From March 22 until September 21, the South Pole is dark, and Antarctica has its "night", or winter.

G. Any ship that hits an iceberg can be damaged. The most famous iceberg in history sank the "Titanic", a ship travelling in the northern Atlantic Ocean, on April 15, 1912. The ship’s side scraped the iceberg, which tore holes in the hull. Within three hours, the ship was at the bottom of the ocean. After the loss of the "Titanic", several nations worked together to establish the International Ice Patrol. Today the U.S. Coast Guard runs the patrol, which warns ships about icebergs floating in Atlantic shipping routes.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Changing the face of the planet.

2.  No effort, just luck!

3.  Have the right neighbor!

4.  The unexpected side of a failure.

5.  Good for war, good for peace.

6.  No sense of humour.

7.  Messy can be good!

8.  True story and myth.

A. Important discoveries and brilliant inventions often require years of hard work and sleepless nights. It is not unusual for scientists to devote their whole lives to solving a difficult problem. But sometimes discoveries are made by accident, as a by-⁠product of another project people are working on, or even when somebody is doing something completely unrelated to anything remotely serious.

B. One of the most well-⁠known discoveries that was made like that is the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. While trying to find the shortest way to India, Christopher Columbus stumbled upon a new continent. His discovery completely changed people’s understanding of the world as well as the cuisine of his native country! Today it is hard to even imagine what Italians ate when they didn’t have tomatoes.

C. Another iconic discovery made by accident is Isaac Newton’s Law of Gravity. It happened when he was having tea in his garden and watched an apple fall off a tree. He had already been in a philosophical mood, and the falling of a bright object triggered the thought that had already been forming in his mind. This was how the incident was recorded by his biographers, but later a more dramatic story of him sleeping under the tree and being hit on the head by an apple was invented.

D. Discoveries can be made thanks to bad habits. Alexander Fleming was known for being an untidy person as much as a talented scientist. His lab was never in perfect order, and things easily got lost. Once he forgot about some cups with bacteria and went on vacation. When he returned and found them, he noticed that mold had grown in one of the cups and killed the bacteria. This mold known to us now as penicillin keeps saving many lives.

E. Some of the discoveries were made during WWII. Percy Spencer was an American physicist working in the early 1940s on military radar equipment that used microwave radio signals. Once he was standing in front of the working radar and noticed that a chocolate bar in his pocket had melted. At the time, he continued working on the radars, but after the war he created a microwave oven based on this discovery.

F. Harry Coover was another American scientist working during WWII. He was trying to create transparent plastic for clear plastic gun sights used for aiming. The formula he invented produced plastic that was so sticky that it stuck to everything it touched. Coover was sad that his formula was a complete disaster, but several years later realized that it could be used as glue. This was how superglue was invented.

G. In the summer of 1904, the World Fair in St. Louis, Missouri, was in full swing, when Arnold Fornachou, an ice-⁠cream vendor, ran out of paper cups. Not to lose any business, Formachou bought some waffles from the waffle vendor whose booth was standing next to his, and rolled them into cones. The improvised cups were a great success and later became known as ice-⁠cream cones!

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  One kind of energy into another!

2.  Enough is enough!

3.  Always something to celebrate!

4.  Home again!

5.  Always right on trend!

6.  No need to study abroad!

7.  Spring is in the air!

8.  Not to forget the history!

A.In the 19^th and 20^th century, just like any other big industrial city, Moscow had many plants and factories. They provided Muscovites with jobs and industrial goods such as fabrics, clothes and cars. They also made their owners rich and famous. However, from the late 20^th century until now the number of plants and factories in Moscow has been subsiding, and here again, Moscow follows the general tendency that you can see all over the world.

B. Besides jobs and industrial goods, plants and factories bring pollution. Add the exhaust fumes from cars and you will get a city covered in smog. This has always been a problem, but by the mid 20^th century it reached the point when it became obvious that something had to be done. Big companies started closing their manufacturing facilities in cities and moving them elsewhere. But their buildings remained, and many of them got second lives.

C. Two of the most spectacular examples of this trend are the two former power stations in London: Bankside Power Station which was closed in 1981 and converted into Tate Modern Gallery in 1994; and Battersea Power Station which was closed in 1975 and is now in the process of being transformed into a modern facility which will house a unique blend of restaurants, shops, parks, cultural and office spaces, as well as residential accommodation.

D. Moscow has several similar projects. One of the first was transforming a silk factory once owned by a French merchant Claude-⁠Marie Girot into a modern business block. The sturdy red-⁠brick four-⁠storied buildings, so typical of the late-⁠19^th century factories, now house different businesses, among which is Yandex headquarters. The business block is called Red Rose 1875, commemorating the year the silk factory was opened and the fact that during the Soviet times it was named after Rosa Luxemburg.

E. Bolshevik Sweets Factory is famous primarily for it Yubileynoe cookies which were first produced in 1913 to celebrate the Romanov family 300^th Anniversary on the Russian throne. Today, besides many other things, its historic building in Moscow is home to the Russian Impressionism Museum whose owner collects paintings of late 19^th  — early 20^th century Russian artists. Many of the pictures were bought abroad and brought back to Russia.

F. Manometer Plant opened in 1886 as a foundry and during the Soviet times produced a lot of machinery for different industries. When its facilities were moved out of Moscow, the old buildings were turned into a center of art, architecture and design called Artplay. Several art galleries and architectural workshops, can be found here, as well as The British Higher School of Art and Design which has become quite popular with Russian art students.

G. One of the most popular creative spaces located in the old industrial sites is the former perfume factory well-⁠known now as Flacon. This is the place enjoyed by Muscovites and tourists alike. In addition to cool cafes and restaurants, workshops and concerts, Flacon regularly holds all sorts of festivals  — Days of a particular country like Norway or France, Singapore or Japan, as well as festivals of creative industries and handmade crafts.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  The show must go on!

2.  A woman leads the way.

3.  It’s only a figure of speech.

4.  A good reward for a good job.

5.  A long break.

6.  Not built in a day.

7.  The lucky few.

8.  Top secret.

A.When British people decide to change their place of residence, they sometimes use the expression ‘to move house’ and say something like "I’m moving house next week". This idiom often baffles foreigners who realize that no houses referred to are going to change their location. It is a person who is moving, not the house! But then again, when it comes to idioms, logic rarely works. It’s only in real life that houses don’t move. Or… do they?

B. There have been several cases in history when houses were indeed moved to different locations. Perhaps the very first one to be moved was the 25-⁠metertall bell tower of the church of Santa Maria Maggiore in Bologna which was protruding in the middle of the street making it difficult for pedestrians to walk around it. In 1455, a young engineer Aristotle Fioravanti succeeded in moving the tower 13 meters and earned 50 gold ducats for that!

C. Moscow is one of the few cities in the world that can boast of a great number of moved buildings  — all in all, about 70! The very first relocation took place in 1897 during the expansion of the Nikolayevskaya Railway. In the way of the new railway stood a 2-⁠storeyed house belonging to Jane McGill, a well-⁠known British woman and an honoured citizen of Moscow. She agreed for the house to be moved 100 meters to the west and even paid for it herself.

D. In 1935, when a new Plan for the Reconstruction of Moscow was adopted, it became clear that in order to make old streets wider and to build new ones, many old buildings had to be destroyed. This is what happened to many buildings in Gorky Street  — now Tverskaya. But not to all of them. The old Moscow Governor’s Palace  — the Mossoviet building, now the Mayor’s office  — survived, as did several others, because they were moved to make room!

E. "A House Has Moved!" is a famous children’s poem by the famous Soviet children’s writer Agnia Bartho. It features not only the fact of a building being moved, but also that it was being moved while everyone who lived in it… kept living in it. Soviet engineers took pride in their precise technology of moving buildings so smoothly that people who lived in them wouldn’t even notice it. It was usually done at night and the exact date was always unknown!

F. To achieve such a miracle, buildings had to be cut from their foundations, put on special rollers and placed on a bed of rails similar to those used on railroads. Engineers used flexible pipes and cables to ensure that the water system, sewerage, electricity, radio and telephone lines continued to work during the move. When an eye hospital was being moved in such a fashion, the doctors continued performing operations on their patients!

G. In 1983, part of the famous ‘MHAT’  — Moscow Academic Art Theatre  — building was moved to make the stage bigger. Since then, no buildings in Moscow had been moved until July 2020, when a 19th century water tower was moved 130 meters not far from Savelovsky railway station to make room for a new residential building. It’s great that the old technology has not been forgotten and is still used to save historic buildings from destruction.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  A lost treasure.

2.  A pretty prison.

3.  An easy job.

4.  Always on guard.

5.  The final masterpieces.

6.  A happy ending at last!

7.  Shaped for a reason.

8.  Ruined and restored.

A. Different cities have different shapes depending on how they were started and then developed throughout the centuries. London and Paris grew along the rivers they were built on. Philadelphia, the first city built as a grid, is a rectangle with perpendicular streets. Washington, D.C., began as a diamond and is now roughly half of it. Moscow was started as a fortress and kept growing around it as a circle with radial and circular streets.

B. Moscow often faced invasions. The high walls of the Kremlin, Kitay-⁠Gorod, Bely Gorod and Zemlyanoy Gorod protected the capital. With its four rings of fortifications, by the early 17th century Moscow was one of the most protected cities in Europe. Around the 15th century, defensive monasteries were built around the city. They had high thick walls that could provide resistance to the enemy. There were about 25 of them, some of which still exist.

C. One of the very first of these monasteries, Spaso-⁠Andronikov Monastery, was founded as early as 1357. It was built in the most dangerous area around Moscow  — in the east, where Muscovites were suffering from the enemy invasions most badly. The famous Russian icon painter Andrey Rublev spent his last years in this monastery and painted the frescos of the Saviour Cathedral, which have partially survived and can be seen today.

D. Simonov Monastery was founded in 1377. It protected Moscow from southern invasions. This was one of the most spectacular monasteries in Moscow. During his trip to Russia, Lewis Carroll visited it twice and described the chapels that were "beautifully decorated with frescos", as well as the tall tower from where he "had a nearer, …better view of Moscow than that from the Sparrow Hills". It’s sad that this monastery no longer exists.

E. Perhaps the most famous of all is the beautiful Novodevichy Convent, which is now proclaimed a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Novodevichy Convent was protecting Moscow from its western enemies. It was founded in 1525 by Vassily III who was the first Tsar to force his wife become a nun to marry another. Later the convent became quite notorious for housing other women of royal blood, including Peter the Great’s sister Sofia and first wife Eudokia.

F. Danilov Monastery was founded in 1561 and was known for its big melodious bells. However, during the war with Sweden, Peter the Great made cannons out of them. New ones were made in the late 19th century only to be removed again after the Revolution. In 1930 they were bought and donated to Harvard University by an American businessman Charles R. Crane. In 2008 ‘Danilov Bells’ were returned to the Monastery.

G. Donskoy is another monastery which still exists. Founded in 1591, it completed the semicircle of the defensive monasteries closest to Moscow. In 1812 Napoleon’s soldiers stole the jewels from its icons and destroyed some of its buildings. The famous Russian general Matvey Platov, commander of the Don Cossacks, who was wittily depicted by Nikolay Leskov in his short story "Levsha", donated money to rebuild the Monastery.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Never too late!

2.  True symbols.

3.  The real thing.

4.  Back to beauty.

5.  The best for the best.

6.  No borders or boundaries.

7.  No place is too small for it!

8.  A successful beginning.

A. Gothic Revival is an architectural style that became popular in Britain in the early 19^th century, right after the period of neo-⁠classicism with its straight lines and noble columns. When English architects turned to the elegant tall towers and pointed narrow windows of medieval gothic castles, it was, in a way, a reaction to the machine production of the Industrial Revolution, as well as a desire to portray pre-⁠industrial society as a golden age.

B. Present-⁠day Britain is full of churches, universities, and other public buildings and private houses built in this style. However, the two most iconic and recognisable Gothic Revival constructions are the Houses of Parliament and the Tower Bridge in London. The Palace of Westminster that houses the British Parliament was built in the 1860s after the old building had burnt down, whereas the Tower Bridge was erected in 1894.

C. During the 19^th century, Gothic Revival quickly spread to other European countries and the USA. Several of the most prestigious American universities like Princeton or Yale adopted Gothic Revival style for their campuses and called it Collegiate Gothic. Gothic Revival style may not be as wellrepresented in Russia, but can be found there as well, if you know where to look  — sometimes in quite unexpected places!

D. The well-⁠known Russian industrialist Alexei Khludov often went to London and Liverpool in the 1840s-⁠1860s to learn about textile manufacturing and to buy equipment for his own cotton factories. Charmed by the brand new clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, he decided to build his own ‘Big Bens’ for his facilities in Egorievsk and Yartsevo, bringing Gothic Revival to these little places in Moscow and Smolensk regions.

E. Another Russian textile magnate Savva Morozov built a Gothic Revival mansion in central Moscow  — in Spiridonovka Street. It is not only from the outside that the mansion looks like a castle. Dark wooden Gothic interior, stained-⁠glass windows and even thrones make you feel that you have been transported into the middle ages. Morozov’s mansion was the first big project of architect Fyodor Schechtel that brought him fame.

F. Perhaps the most unexpected place to find Gothic Revival interiors in Russia is Sandunov’s public baths  — the most luxurious public baths in Moscow. Sila Sandunov built his baths for aristocracy in the early 19^th century. But it was in the 1890s that the baths were rebuilt so that each room had its own architectural style. A heavy wooden ceiling, carved chairs and windows, as well as a beautiful mosaic make it look like an English castle.

G. There are many more buildings in Moscow that have been erected in Gothic Revival style by the most talented Russian architects in the 19^th century. But there is also one authentic English building  — designed by Richard Kneel Freeman, an architect from the town of Bolton near Manchester. It is the Anglican church of St Andrews in Voznesensky Lane, which makes the whole area around it look like a little part of Britain in central Moscow.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Clever and misunderstood.

2.  Similar constructions.

3.  Street that changed history.

4.  History set in stone.

5.  The beloved characters.

6.  Not completely gone!

7.  A poetic street.

8.  Important visitors.

A. There have always been cultural, political and commercial connections between Britain and Russia that can take us deep into the history of these two countries. Traces of some of them can be seen in the streets of their capitals  — be that the names of the streets themselves, the buildings standing on them or the monuments erected to outstanding representatives of these two nations, both real and fictional.

B. There are at least four streets in London that will remind you of Russia. Bayswater, one of the most beautiful areas of London, is home to Moscow Road and St. Petersburg Place  — two streets that commemorate Tsar Alexander I’s visit to England in 1814. Czar Street in Deptford is the area where Peter the Great stayed in 1698 during his Grand Embassy, to take a better look at the London shipyards; while Muscovy Street near the Tower of London marks the spot of Peter the Great’s favourite pub in London.

C. Neither Moscow, nor St. Petersburg can boast of a "London Street". However, a similar function is carried out by Angliyskaya Naberezhnaya  — English Embankment  — historically one of the most fashionable streets in St. Petersburg, where the British Embassy and the English church used to be located before the Revolution. And as for the Revolution, it was from the English Embankment that at 2 am on October 25, 1917, the gunshot from the Aurora sent a signal to storm the Winter Palace.

D. Still, Moscow also has a couple of streets with English names. Brusov Lane is named after a Scottish dynasty whose most famous representative  — James Bruce  — was Peter the Great’s close friend and advisor. It was James Bruce who accompanied Peter the Great on his Grand Embassy to England. A brilliant scholar and scientist, James Bruce was in charge of book printing in Russia, which led many illiterate people to believe he practiced black magic.

E. Another Moscow street with an English name is Gamsonovsky pereulok or Hampson Lane, located not far from the Danilovsky monastery. The Hampsons were a large British family that moved to Russia in the early 19^th century and founded a velvet factory on the Moskva River. Neither the Hampson family, not their factory can be found in Moscow today, but the street name still tells the story of the long-⁠forgotten past.

F. One of the most recognizable sky-⁠scrapers in modern London is the so called Gherkin  — a torpedo-⁠shaped building in the City, London’s financial center, that opened in 2004 and immediately won the Emporis Skyscraper Award. Few people know that the architect’s inspiration for the steel structure of the skyscraper was Vladimir Shukhov’s diagrid system used in the Shukhov Radio Tower in Moscow.

G. Perhaps the only "English" statue in Moscow is a sculptural composition of Sherlock Holms and Dr. Watson which opened in 2007 next to the British Embassy for the 120^th anniversary since the publication of the first story about the great detective by Conan Doyle. "These heroes have long become the personification of Great Britain in the eyes of Russians and a recognized symbol of Russian-⁠British friendship," wrote the British Ambassador on its opening.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Good for kings.

2.  A picturesque location.

3.  A northern influence.

4.  Nights are for sleeping.

5.  It worked!

6.  Unseen treasures.

7.  Dance with the devil.

8.  Hungry for in-⁠person events.

A. Every third Saturday in May, museums in many countries around the world remain open until midnight or even later, some of them until the early morning hours. This international cultural event is known as the Long Night of Museums or the Night of Museums and has already become a tradition. The main reason for the event is to attract more people to museums, especially young people, and to show what museums have to offer. This policy has proved effective: in 2021, almost 2 million people visited museums that night.

B. The first Long Night of Museums took place in Berlin in 1997. One of the inspirations for its creation was the annual White Nights Festival of classical music that is held every year in St. Petersburg, Russia, from June 12 to July 2  — the time when the northern skies of Russia’s "second capital" never reach complete darkness. The second place that took up the idea of the Long Night of Museums was Paris, where this cultural event first took place in 2002 and included performing arts.

C. The first Night of Museums in Russia was held in 2002 in Krasnoyarsk. St. Petersburg and Saratov joined the new tradition in 2006, while Moscow and Ekaterinburg joined it in 2007. Later, the event became very popular in Russia, and in addition to museums, some of the embassies in Moscow opened their doors for the visitors. Embassies in Moscow often occupy beautiful 19th century mansions that are famous for both their architecture and interior design. This was the first time they were open to the public.

D. In 2021, in addition to the Night of Museums, and perhaps, to make up for the year 2020, when only online tours were possible because of COVID, the City of Moscow held Days of Historic and Cultural Heritage from April 18 to May 31, when as many as 18 embassies welcomed tourists. Among these were the British and American Ambassador’s residences, the embassies of France, Italy, Norway and other countries. To be able to see these legendary buildings people had to sign up well in advance.

E. The British Ambassador’s residence is located across the Moskva River from the Kremlin, in Sofiyskaya Embankment. The building was built in the early 1890-⁠s by Russia’s biggest sugar manufacturer Pavel Kharitonenko. The gothic interior design by architect Schechtel makes it one of the most beautiful buildings in Moscow. The building was given to the British Embassy in 1929. During their official visits to Moscow Queen Elizabeth II in 1994, Princess Diana in 1995 and Princess Royal Anne in 2014 stayed in this building.

F. Spaso House, the residence of the American Ambassador in Moscow, is located in Spasopeskovskaya Square near Arbat street, close to the location depicted in Vasily Polenov’s famous painting "Moscow Courtyard". The building was built in 1913 and until 1917 belonged to the textile industrialist Nikolay Vtorov. It has been the residence of the US Ambassador since 1933. Concerts and art exhibitions are often held at Spaso House, but none of them can compare with the Spring Festival of 1935.

G. In April, 1935, the US Ambassador Bullitt decided to throw an extraordinary party at his residence. Trees and flowers were ordered for the decorations, birds and animals were borrowed from the Moscow Zoo, including parakeets, pheasants, goats and even a baby bear! Soviet ministers and generals were among the 400 guests, as well as the writer Mikhail Bulgakov. The Spring Festival lasted all night, and later Bulgakov used this setting for the Spring Ball of the Full Moon, aka Satan’s Ball, in his novel The Master and Margarita.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  The train that left the station.

2.  A new generation contest winner.

3.  Famous characters.

4.  A little journey goes a long way!

5.  Loved but lost.

6.  Also important.

7.  Old but still going strong.

8.  Good for the environment.

A. The Industrial Revolution is often associated with the invention of a steamengine, locomotives and trains. It is also known that in the 1840s most European countries were going through a "Railway Mania" phase, when the first railways connecting big cities enabled passengers to move at a fast speed and much more comfortably than before. In this grand scale of things, it is easy to forget the little brother of the railway  — the tram  — that actually appeared first and faithfully served passengers within the limits of towns and cities.

B. The electric tram system in the early 1900s was gaining more and more popularity in the state of New York and around it. Not only did trams serve passengers inside towns and cities, but often took them to more distant suburbs and outskirts. Sometimes to go from one town to another all one had to do was to change from a tram belonging to one town’s tram system to the one from the other. At some point it was even possible to go from New York to Chicago by trams, changing them multiple times on the way.

C. The horse-⁠drawn tram passenger system Konka (from the Russian word kon’ for horse) started working in Moscow in 1872, nine years later than in St. Petersburg. Even though powered by horses, these trams used railways  — which made them functional in any weather, their routes permanent, and schedules regular. In cities it was a lot safer and cleaner to use animal power for trams, rather than steam locomotives as in trains, considering that locomotives often suffered from boiler explosions, while burning coal added to the city air pollution.

D. The first electric tram route was opened in Moscow in 1899. Electric trams were faster than horse-⁠drawn, and owners of Konka started losing money to their competitors. Electric trams were city-⁠owned, and the Moscow government soon bought Konka to gradually transform it into a tram system, while using the same railways. This way people who used to work for Konka didn’t lose their jobs but learned how to use the new technology. Konka was used in Moscow until 1912, when it was completely replaced by electric trams.

E. The first electric tram circular route in Moscow was opened in 1911 under the letter "A" instead of a number. It encompassed the Boulevard Ring and a couple of embankments along the way. Muscovites soon started calling it Annushka, giving it a diminutive form of a girl’s name. Even though Annushka’s route has been changed many times during its lifetime, it still exists, being the only tram line in the very center of Moscow, having survived for over 110 years!

F. Another circular tram route, this time along the Garden Ring, was opened in 1912 under the letter "B". At that time the Boulevard Ring was known as "Ring A", while the Garden Ring was called "Ring B". Similar to tram "A", the route received an endearing name from the Muscovites  — Bukashka. When a trolley bus replaced the tram on this route in 1937, it inherited the name as well. In 2017, to the great sadness of Muscovites, Bukashka trolley buses were replaced by buses.

G. There are two major novels in world literature that feature trams as an important part of the plot. Bulgakov’s Master and Margarita is one of them, with the tram’s dramatic if not tragic mission in the opening pages of the book. James Joyce’s Ulysses is the other. The tramway system in Dublin reached the peak in its development around 1904  — the year described in the famous novel. Joyce wanted "to give a picture of Dublin so complete"... that ‘it could be reconstructed out of’ his book, if necessary, and the tram system is not an exception.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Honoured by the leader.

2.  There's no place like home!

3.  Support your countrymen!

4.  A place of kindness.

5.  Destroying to be destroyed.

6.  Life looks better on a full stomach.

7.  A place of romance and inspiration.

8.  An unageing concept.

A. There are several things that can make travelling away from home either very comfortable or intolerable. One of them is a hotel. Hotels are quite an early human invention. It is believed that the oldest existing hotel in the world was founded in 705 AD in Japan. However, throughout history, other establishments served as hotels as well. Travellers could always rely on monasteries for accommodation. During the Middle Ages, a typical hotel in Europe was an inn, which provided travellers and their horses with lodging and food.

B. Moscow has always welcomed travellers, and therefore has always had many hotels. Some of them remain famous, even if they don't exist anymore. Hotel Rossiya was once the biggest hotel in the world, which was acknowledged by the Guinness Book of Records in the early 1970s. It also had a great location  — next to Red Square. Sadly, to free up space for its construction, a lot of valuable historic buildings had to be demolished in the oldest part of Moscow. In 2010, the hotel was pulled down, and now Park Zaryadye is in its place.

C. Some hotels in Moscow have played an important part in its political life. The National Hotel, located across the street from the Kremlin, not only witnessed all the major events of the 20^th century from the moment it was built in 1902, but also was home to the first head of the Soviet state Vladimir Lenin who lived there together with his wife right after the Revolution before they moved to the Kremlin. A lot of other famous people stayed there at different times, Anna Pavlova, Anatol France and Herbert Wells among them.

D. The Metropol Hotel, located across the street from the Bolshoi Theatre and in close proximity to Red Square, is well-⁠known for its Art Nouveau style and Mikhail Vrubel's famous mosaics. Designed by the British architect William Walcott, the hotel attracted many artistic people. According to a legend, it was here that the poet Sergey Yesenin declared his love for the American pioneer of modern contemporary dance Isadora Duncan before they got married.

E. Marco Polo Hotel is a lot smaller than famous hotels in Moscow. It is located in the quiet Spiridonievsky Lane near the Patriarch's Ponds and is not so easy to find. However, its history is unusual and unique. Built by a wealthy Scottish Muscovite Jane McGill in 1904, it was designed as a hostel for British and American governesses who came to Moscow looking for a job. The poor young girls had to stay somewhere before they found a position in rich families, and Jane McGill provided them with two rooms each.

F. It is always interesting to read first-⁠hand testimonies about the old times. One such piece about a hotel in Moscow can be found in the literary journal that was published by Charles Dickens. In its January issue of 1864, an English visitor to Moscow describes his stay at "the most comfortable hotel in Moscow" belonging to a M. Billet, "a robust Swiss" who had a hotel in "Grossen Loubianka-⁠Varsonofyevsky Pereulok." "His wife being an English woman, we English naturally enough patronised him," wrote the Englishman.

G. An important part of any hotel is its ability to provide travellers with good food. During his journey to Russia, Lewis Carroll, the famous author of Alice in Wonderland, stayed in several hotels in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Nijny Novgorod. The one in Nijny Novgorod he described as "a truly villainous place, though no doubt the best in the town," and added: "the feeding was very good, & everything else very bad." No matter what, good food can appease any unsatisfied traveller!

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Watching predators and prey.

2.  Hot water, cold air.

3.  How locals live and entertain.

4.  Impressive but difficult to reach.

5.  For the strong and adventurous.

6.  Nature and activities to enjoy.

7.  Conquering cold waves.

8.  Closer to wildlife.

A.  At the edge of Russia, on the Pacific Ocean, there is the distinctive Kamchatka peninsula, famous for its rich natural diversity. This land is surrounded by rough ocean waters, in the interior lie fiery volcanoes and boiling, steaming geysers. Some 300 volcanoes, 29 of which are active, make up nearly 40% of the peninsula. But Kamchatka's landscapes and natural diversity are not the only things to attract the travellers from far and wide: the area is also rich in opportunities for extreme sports. Make your adventures in Kamchatka unforgettable.

B.  Surfing in Bali is no big deal these days: the hot sun, the warm ocean, coconuts, bananas... We've seen it all! How about surfing in the chilly waters of the Pacific in Kamchatka? One of Kamchatka's best surf destinations is Khalaktyrsky beach. You can catch waves here almost all year long: the hardiest of surfers are ready to jump in in sub-⁠zero temperatures. Naturally, the best time to surf is summer when surf schools and equipment rental places are open for business. You don't feel the cold in a wetsuit!

C.  The Kamchatka peninsula is washed by the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea to the northeast and by the Sea of Okhotsk to the west. One of the best ways to explore the rugged coastline is to take a long trip by kayak. On the water, you'll find yourself face to face with wild nature: you can get acquainted with sea lions, seals, killer whales and other sea creatures, and see the most beautiful, secluded bays, islands, headlands and lakes inland. You're going to be taking numerous pictures of the seals and sea lions as they bask in the sun.

D.  With vast numbers of fish, it is no wonder that Lake Kuril attracts over 200 Kamchatka brown bears who visit the lake to fish. Across the whole peninsula, there are around 20,000 bears altogether  — that's one bear to every 15 human inhabitants. Over the years, the animals on Lake Kuril have adapted to life alongside humans. Therefore, you can observe the bears and their prey close up as they show no signs of aggression. An experienced guide knows exactly where to observe them to make your adventure absolutely safe.

E.  Discovered as recently as 1941, the Valley of Geysers in the Kronotsky Reserve in Kamchatka is one of the world's largest geyser fields and is the only one in Eurasia. In a cramped 8 square kilometer piece of land there are over 40 powerful spouting geysers, not to mention hot springs, mud pools, thermal sites, waterfalls, all surrounded by volcanoes. As dangerous as any of these places seem, there are special paths for travellers. You can only get to the valley by air, so take a helicopter tour and face the raw power of Mother Nature.

F.  If you feel comfortable on the runs at Alpine resorts and consider yourself experienced, Kamchatka will surprise you: imagine skiing down the slopes of an active volcano with breathtaking views over the Pacific! This is no fantasy: we suggest experienced riders try heli-⁠skiing! Fly to the highest volcanoes' peaks by helicopter, then enjoy the buzz of skiing the untouched slopes with awesome views of the not-⁠so-⁠distant Pacific. Such an activity requires skiers to be in great shape physically, and to have the love of an adrenaline rush.

G.   Kamchatka is a very harsh place to live, yet people have lived here for centuries. In order to survive, they had to learn to live in harmony with nature. That led to the development of rituals that are still performed. When you visit, you can see how the indigenous people of Kamchatka have been living for generations in the village of Pimchakh that is open to visitors. Shortage of snow is never an issue, so the locals happily indulge in competitive and recreational dog sled races. You should certainly put a short dog sled trip on your bucket list.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Like a Fish Out of Water.

2.  First Among Equals.

3.  Like a Pretty Cage for a Bird.

4.  The True Spirit of Friendship.

5.  Not True Russian Folklore.

6.  A Traditional Setting for a Story.

7.  When Money Creates a Fairy Tale.

8.  The Origin of a New Trend.

A.  Russian folklore, as well as poems and tales by Russian writers often mention a beautiful house called the "terem". It is sometimes described as a tall tower where a beautiful girl lives and needs to be rescued from. A folk song states: "My beloved lives in a tall terem, which no one can enter". The word "terem" can also refer to a luxurious ornate house. In Pushkin's: "Tale of a Fisherman and a Fish", when the old woman becomes an aristocrat, she is found by her poor husband in a "tall terem".

B.  The Russian word "terem" is derived from the Greek "teremnon", which means house or home. In Russian, "terem" has two meanings: it refers to the upper floors of a rich house, often with a decorated pointed roof, as well as a part of a rich family's house where only women lived. Interestingly, the Russian word for prison  — "tiurma"  — has the same origin as "terem", and in fact, for many aristocratic women in old Russia, the beautiful terem was a sort of a prison  — they were not allowed to leave it!

C.  The Terem Palace of the Moscow Kremlin is often referred to as "the main Terem of Moscow". It was constructed in 1635-⁠1636 by the best architects of the time, including Larion Ushakov, Bazhen Ogurtsov, and Trefil Sharutin. The palace was originally built for Mikhail Fedorovich, the first Tsar of the Romanov dynasty. Nowadays, the Terem Palace is a part of the Grand Kremlin Palace and functions as the official residence of the Russian President.

D.  Moscow is a modern city that has a history of being ravaged by fires. As a result, there are very few wooden structures left. Pogodin's Izba, built in 1856 as a gift for historian Mikhail Pogodin by wealthy businessman Vasily Kokorev, is a rare example of a traditional Russian wooden folk style that has survived. Designed by architect Nikolai Nikitin as a "teremok", this hut served as a source of inspiration for the development of the Neo-⁠Russian architectural style in the 19th century.

E.  At the turn of the 20th century, when the Neo-⁠Russian style became popular, wealthy merchants hired the most talented architects to build houses shaped like fairy-⁠tale "terems" in Moscow. Some of these buildings still exist today and continue to fascinate onlookers with the incredible imagination of their creators. Several of these terems are now museums, the most iconic ones being the Tretyakov Gallery and the Timiryazev State Biology Museum at Malaya Gruzinskaya street.

F.  "Teremok" is a Russian folk tale about a fly that builds herself a home  — a "teremok"  — to protect herself from the dangers of the world. Soon she is joined by a flea, a mosquito, a mouse, a frog, a hare, a fox and a wolf, who are in need of shelter. Instead of turning them away, the kind-⁠hearted fly welcomes them all. Miraculously, the terem grows together with its growing family. It is a tale of coooperation and the importance of helping others in times of need.

G.  Few people know that the Russian Matryoshka doll was first designed by Sergey Maliutin in the 1890s and was inspired by traditional Japanese nesting dolls. One of such dolls was brought from Japan by Elizaveta Mamontova whose husband Savva Mamontov was Maliutin's friend. Maliutin was a prominent artist known for promoting the Neo-⁠Russian style and designing some of the most iconic buildings, including "Teremok" in Talashkino village, and Pertsov’s house in Moscow.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  His look was quite alarming!

2.  A lasting custom.

3.  An incomplete experience.

4.  Scents and Sensibility.

5.  Just like in fairy tales.

6.  Changing but not disappearing.

7.  A fine creation of a successful man.

8.  It's easy to be equal when naked.

A.  Bath, the historic city in Somerset, England, takes its name from the baths built around 60−70 AD by the Romans during their occupation of Britain. For centuries, the Romans used them as a communal space for bathing and socializing. After the Romans left in the 5^th century, the beautiful architectural complex fell into disrepair. The baths were restored in the 18^th century when they became fashionable as a spa due to the therapeutic value of their waters. Today these ancient baths are no longer in use and serve as a tourist attraction.

B.  The Ancient Romans were pioneers in establishing grand bathing complexes known as "thermae" or public baths. The tradition of thermas went beyond mere hygiene and washing; these baths were vital cultural institutions serving as centers for socializing, intellectual discussions, and recreational activities. Romans considered bathing a communal affair, providing citizens from diverse backgrounds with a platform for free communication, regardless of their financial or societal status.

C.  Throughout European history, hygiene practices varied reflecting the cultural, social and economic conditions. In the early medieval period, access to clean water was limited and bathing was infrequent. During the Renaissance people didn't wash often either, and the use of perfumes became popular to mask body smells, especially among rich people. In Victorian England, many people thought that "overbathing" could lead to health issues and limited washing to "sponge baths"  — using a basin of water, soap and a sponge to cleanse the body.

D.  The Russian tradition of public baths, known as "banya", has deep cultural roots and dates back centuries, with influences from both Slavic and Nordic cultures. Traditional banyas are often housed in log cabins, with the stove or "pechka" in the centre, heated with firewood and stones. Water is poured onto the stones to produce steam. With the growing urban development, public baths became important parts of Russian towns and cities and were widely used for hygiene purposes well into to the late 20^th century.

E.  Foreigners visiting Russia in the 18^th−19^th centuries were always intrigued by the Russian tradition of public baths. An Englishman who traveled to Moscow in 1864, described how his Moscow friend "returned from his weekly vapourbath. His good-⁠natured face was beaded with perspiration; his flesh looked as red as if it had been parboiled, and a steaming glow arose from his broad massy forehead. Flogging oneself with birch-⁠branches in a room raised to an equatorial temperature, is, perhaps, calculated to produce these symptoms."

F.  John Parkinson, an Oxford Don, while on his tour of Russia in 1792−1794 suffered from rheumatism and went to the Russian banya seeking healing. He later wrote that he "found the sensation exceedingly agreeable. I felt like a River God: or like the statue of Moses with water flowing down a long beard and long locks". The only thing he regretted was that he didn't get whipped with birch twigs, for "the sensation from it I am told is very acute and singular".

G.  Sandunov's Bathhouse, located in Moscow, is one of the city's oldest and most renowned public bathhouses. Established in 1808 by Sila Sandunov, a peasant who became a successful entrepreneur, the bathhouse has played a significant role in the history and culture of Moscow. Situated within walking distance of the Kremlin, Sandunov's Bathhouse is an architectural gem that reflects the cultural and historical richness of its surroundings. The building itself is a testament to the traditional Russian banya design, with classic steam rooms.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Growing together with the city.

2.  Mistakes must be corrected.

3.  As if flying over the water.

4.  Wonders of human creativity.

5.  A tale of two bridges.

6.  Water that saves lives.

7.  Marriages made closer to heaven.

8.  Bridging the gap of ideas.

A.  Bridges serve the function of connecting two points separated by a body of water, valley, or any obstacle. Bridges can also be architectural marvels. Throughout history, bridges have been symbolic of human achievement. Ancient civilizations, such as the Romans, Greeks, and Chinese, built impressive bridges that stand as a testament to their engineering capabilities. These historic structures not only connected regions but also reflected the technological advancements of their times.

B.  Some of the most iconic and recognizable bridges in the world are located in London: Tower Bridge and London Bridge. Tower Bridge with its unmistakable neo-⁠Gothic towers, was opened in 1894 and immediately became the symbol of London. London Bridge has a rich history dating back to Roman times. In the Middle Ages, many shops and houses stood on London Bridge, making it too narrow for the traffic. It has been rebuilt numerous times and has inspired songs and stories.

C.  Moscow, like any other city that developed along the banks of a river, boasts a diverse array of bridges that contribute to the city's architectural landscape. From the elegant Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge to the modern Zhivopisny Bridge, each structure tells a story of Moscow's evolution over the centuries. It isn’t easy to count all the bridges of Moscow. If you count all the automobile, metro and pedestrian bridges over the major rivers  — the Moskva, the Yauza and the Setun’  — you will end up with a list of well over a hundred bridges!

D.  Several bridges in Moscow symbolize the connection between the past and the future. One of them is the Rostokinsky Aqueduct, which is the oldest bridge in Moscow. The bridge is 356 meters long and 15 meters high, made of limestone, and was built in 1783−1784 in the current VDNKh area. The bridge represented the government's attention to the needs and aspirations of the people, as it was constructed as part of the first Moscow water pipeline, which was a vital construction during the Black Death epidemic in Moscow.

E.  The Luzhnetsky Metro Bridge spans over 2 km across the Moskva River. This bridge was the first in Moscow to have two levels  — the upper level is for cars, while the lower level is for the metro trains and pedestrians. The Leninskie Gory station, later renamed Vorobyovy Gory, was the first and longest station in the history of the Moscow Metro to be located on a bridge. However, due to construction errors, the station was closed for almost two decades from 1983. Eventually, it was reopened in 2002 after the bridge itself was practically rebuilt.

F.  The Zhivopisny Bridge is situated near Serebryany Bor and links it with Krylatskoe. The bridge was built in 2007, and its architect, Nikolai Shumakov, received the prestigious Auguste Perret Prize for it. The structure features a striking design: a red arch with steel cables extending from it to support the bridge. At the highest point of the bridge, there is a small glass observation capsule. Although there was a plan to conduct wedding ceremonies within it, this idea has not yet come to fruition due to technical challenges.

G.  There is an unusual pedestrian bridge called Soaring, situated in Zaryadye Park. The bridge has a boomerang shape and does not connect two banks but hangs over the water. The bridge is elevated 15 metres above the Moskva River and can accommodate up to 4,000 visitors at a time. It was opened together with the park in 2017 and immediately became popular. Even on weekdays and in overcast weather, it can be quite challenging to find a free spot on the observation deck of this Moscow bridge.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  A royal fortress.

2.  Similar but different.

3.  A new epoch in construction.

4.  Higher and stronger.

5.  Various activities to do.

6.  The choice of the material matters.

7.  From protection into fun.

8.  Going up and coming down.

A.  Castles and palaces may seem alike. However, there are some distinctions between them. A castle is a strong and fortified building made of stone. It has tall walls and sometimes even a surrounding water-⁠filled ditch, called a moat. Castles were built to protect people from enemies and attacks. On the other hand, a palace is a luxurious residence designed primarily for comfort and elegance. Palaces were not built for defense like castles, so they usually didn’t have thick walls, towers, or other fortification features.

B.  During the early days, castles were constructed using wood. Recognizing this weakness, lords and castle builders began using stone as the main material for constructing castles. Stone castles provided greater protection and durability against attacks. In terms of attacking these stone castles, the primary weapons used were battering rams and catapults. Battering rams were large, heavy objects used to forcefully strike castle gates, while catapults were siege engines designed to launch projectiles, such as rocks or flaming objects.

C.  During the medieval period, specifically between the 11th and 13th centuries, castles were commonly constructed on elevated, man-⁠made hills known as mottes. The primary purpose of building castles on mottes was to enhance their defensive capabilities. Mottes were typically large, artificial hills that provided strategic advantages. By elevating the castle above the surrounding area, defenders had a better point to observe and protect the surrounding lands. The height of the mottes allowed soldiers to have a broader range to defend against potential attackers.

D.  In the past, castles used moats as a defense. Moats were ditches dug around the castle to guard it from enemies. They were often filled with water to make it difficult for attackers to tunnel into the castle. However, in some castles, people came up with more unique ideas. For example, at Český Krumlov Castle in the Czech Republic, the moat has been filled with bears since 1707. Nowadays, the bears have someone to take care of them, and they even have birthday parties and festivals organized for them.

E.  One interesting detail about castles is their spiral stairwells. These staircases are designed to spiral in a specific direction, usually clockwise. The reason for this clever design was to put invaders at a disadvantage during a battle. Most people, including swordsmen, were right-⁠handed and held their swords in their right hand. When invaders climbed the spiral stairs, they were not be able to use their dominant sword arm effectively, because the narrow space of the staircase restricted their movement during battles.

F.  The Norman Conquest of 1066 was a significant event in British history. It marked the invasion and successful takeover of England by William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy. After the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror and his successors built numerous castles throughout England. These castles served as strategic fortifications and symbols of their power and control over the newly-⁠conquered lands. They were used as defensive structures, residences for the nobility, and centres of administration.

G.  Today Great Britain has a rich tradition of castle sites, which show the best examples of the legacy of medieval times. Windsor Castle, the home of the Kings and Queens’ families of the English Commonwealth, is both the oldest and largest continuously-⁠inhabited castle in the world. It was built in the 11th century, after the Norman Invasion, and has been used by reigning monarchs since the reign of Henry I. The castle also houses the famous St. George’s Chapel, which is designed in Gothic style, and houses the Order of the Garter.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Far from busy cities.

2.  Both benefits and downsides.

3.  The least popular.

4.  Options to choose from.

5.  For warmer seasons.

6.  Ways to save.

7.  Inexpensive but unreliable.

8.  Do not get confused.

A.  The first big decision when visiting England is whether to travel by private car or use the extensive public transport system. Having your own car means you can make the best use of time and reach remote places, but rental and fuel costs can be expensive, and there are always traffic delays to put up with. Public transport, which includes a reliable system of trains and coaches (buses), is often the better choice for getting around in the United Kingdom. Aside from London, England’s city centres with multiple pedestrian streets are very walkable, too.

B.  For long-⁠distance travel around England, trains are generally faster and more comfortable than buses but are usually much more expensive. The English like to moan about their trains, but around 85% run on time, and major stations are

well-⁠equipped  — with super helpful staff and a range of food outlets. If you leave booking your ticket to the last minute, fares can be disproportionally high, so it is always worth booking as far in advance as you can. Sometimes buying two single tickets can be cheaper than buying a return.

C.  Long-⁠distance buses are known as coaches in the UK, and services run between most major towns and cities. If you are on a tight budget, coaches are nearly always the cheapest way to get around England, although they are also the slowest and sometimes late. If you book early or travel at off-⁠peak periods, coach tickets can be very cheap. If you are going to the airport, then take a faster train or taxi for peace of mind that you will make it in time for your flight. The two major coach companies are National Express and Megabus.

D.  Travelling by car or motorcycle around England means you have more independence and flexibility, and you can reach more remote parts of the country. Minuses for drivers include regular traffic jams, the high price of fuel, the cost of insurance, and parking fees in cities and tourist towns. Compared with many countries, car-⁠hire is expensive in England. If you have time, by using a mix of train, bus, taxi, walking and occasionally hiring a bike, you can get almost anywhere in England without having to drive.

E.  Hiring a bike  — for an afternoon, a day, or a week or longer  — is a great way to really explore a small region or see England’s great outdoors. Some cities have bike-⁠share schemes, while others have longer-⁠term bike-⁠rental shops. England also has a growing network of long-⁠distance cycling routes that may inspire you to explore more of the country by bicycle. Only a handful of cities have an adequate system of dedicated bike lanes, so it is best to enjoy cycling in more rural and off-⁠the beaten-⁠track locations, particularly during the warmer seasons.

F.  England doesn’t have a big network of domestic flights due to its small size, but there are some long cross country routes that are awkward, costly and timeconsuming if you travel by train (e. g. the trip from Exeter or Southampton to Newcastle). However, you’ll still pay at least a hundred pounds for one of these flights, and the time saved becomes less beneficial once transit times and the journey to and from the airport are taken into account. Considering the short distances and high carbon cost, many people prefer not to fly.

G.  English cities usually have good public-⁠transport systems. These services can be run by a puzzling number of separate companies. There is usually enough information at each stop or station to find the right one. Staff in tourist offices are always happy to help. Local bus services work year-⁠round in cities and towns, except on Christmas Day, and sometimes also Boxing Day. Sundays also see fewer services. CityMapper is a handy app for planning the quickest journey between points, especially if you are combining transport options.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A − G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­не­си­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Leave nothing for the enemy!

2.  Don't destroy while taking care!

3.  First come  — first served

4.  Every cloud has a silver lining

5.  Once lived through, never forgotten

6.  Old wisdom helping us today

7.  Saving a symbol together

8.  Professional help should be in place

A. Fires have long been viewed as one of the most horrible disasters, feared for their ability to destroy homes, forests, and lives in a matter of minutes. Many cultures have proverbs and sayings that reflect this fear and respect for fire. For example, “Where there’s smoke, there’s fire” warns of hidden dangers, while “Playing with fire” cautions against taking unnecessary risks. These sayings remind us of fire’s destructive potential and the need to respect its power.

B. Throughout history, many cities often had wooden houses, which made them vulnerable to devastating fires. A famous example is the Great Fire of London in 1666, which destroyed thousands of buildings. On the brighter side, this catastrophic event helped end the plague  — a deadly infectious disease that had killed many people. Additionally, after the fire, new fire regulations were established, leading to improved city planning and making London safer and cleaner.

C. The fire in Moscow in 1812 was a crucial event during the French invasion of Russia. It is widely believed that, as Napoleon's troops approached, Muscovites set fire to their own homes to deny the enemy resources. The flames quickly spread, destroying much of the city. Leo Tolstoy vividly described this tragic event in "War and Peace", though he did not share the opinion that Moscow's residents intentionally started the fire.

D. In the 1812 Moscow fire, contrary to the common belief that Muscovites intentionally burned their homes to resist Napoleon’s army, another hypothesis suggests that when people fled, there was no one to protect their wooden homes from the fires that were common at the time, especially during war. Without anyone to manage them, the flames spread uncontrollably, burning everything in their way. This hypothesis highlights the vital role of city fire services in protecting communities from such disasters.

E. The fire at Notre Dame de Paris in 2019 shocked the world as flames engulfed one of France’s most iconic landmarks. The Gothic cathedral caught fire during restoration work, causing extensive damage to its roof and spire. Firefighters bravely saved the main structure and many priceless artifacts. The event drew global attention, with people from all over the world donating money towards the restoration efforts. Today, the ongoing work to restore Notre Dame symbolizes hope and the resilience of cultural heritage.

F. Much like the fire at Notre Dame, a similar incident occurred in 2015 at Moscow’s Novodevichy Convent during restoration work. Flames consumed the iconic bell tower of this UNESCO World Heritage site, famous for its architecture and historical significance. Although firefighters acted quickly and the damage was less severe than in Paris, the fire raised concerns about safety measures in restoration projects. Both events highlight the need for rigorous safety protocols to protect our cultural heritage.

G. Teaching children about the dangers of fire is important, and many children's authors have written educational books on the subject. Among them, the Russian writer Samuil Marshak stands out. As a young child, he experienced a fire firsthand and never forgot the terrifying feeling of having to flee his home. This traumatic experience influenced his writing, with fire becoming a recurring theme in his children's works, such as the play "Cat's House" and the poem "The Fire".

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A − G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­не­си­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Brave partners in action

2.  Hardworking employees

3.  Immortalized by the authors

4.  On the verge of the universe

5.  Tested by time

6.  Let sleeping dogs lie

7.  Guardian angels of the mountains

8.  Where artistic talent is encouraged

A. For thousands of years cats and dogs have been people's favourite pets. You can find proof of that in the ancient world  — in Egyptian pyramids and cave paintings  — as well as today. Go to a park in any country early in the morning, and you will see many people walking their dogs. Open any kind of social media, and cats are among the most popular posts. But cats and dogs are not just pets. They have always been people's loyal friends and helpers, as well.

B. There are several museums around the world that employ cats. Perhaps the one with the longest history of using cats as mouse and rat hunters is the State Hermitage in St. Petersburg, where cats have been officially working for over 250 years. The British Museum in London also used to have cats as "mousers" on their payroll, but this practice has been recently stopped. The Ernest Hemingway Museum in Florida also employs cats, most of which are descendants of Hemingway's original cat, Snow White. However, unlike other museums, they keep the cats as part of a tradition rather than for catching mice.

C. The Kuklachev Cat Theatre in Moscow is one of the most unusual theaters in the world, where cats are the main performers. Founded by Yuri Kuklachev in 1990, the theatre features trained cats that jump, balance, and perform tricks alongside human actors. Unlike in circuses, the cats are not forced to do tricks but are trained based on their natural abilities and preferences. The theatre promotes kindness to animals and emphasizes that cats should be treated with love, patience and respect.

D. Dogs' jobs are much more diverse than those of cats. Traditionally kept as guards, dogs have also been used for many years by the police, military and rescue teams. Perhaps the most famous rescue dog breed is St. Bernard, which was used by monks in the Alps to save travellers lost in the snowy and dangerous St. Bernard Pass. During their 200 years of service as rescue dogs in the 18^th and 19^th centuries, St. Bernards saved over 2,000 people, from lost children to Napoleon's soldiers.

E. There are several monuments to rescue dogs in Moscow. One of them, located at Victory Park, honors over 60,000 frontline dogs who, during World War II, rescued more than 700,000 wounded soldiers from battlefields, as well as delivered ammunition and combat reports, and detected and neutralized enemy explosive devices. Another monument, dedicated to both human and canine firefighters, pays tribute to the heroic dogs who assist in finding people trapped under ruins during fires, showcasing their vital role in saving lives.

F. Moscow is home to several monuments honoring heroic dogs. One of them is dedicated to Laika, the first dog to orbit the Earth. Laika was sent into space aboard Sputnik-2 in 1957, paving the way for human spaceflight. Another monument celebrates Belka and Strelka, the first dogs to travel to space and return safely. This monument features the two space dogs alongside the Sputnik satellite, the Vostok rocket, and the Soyuz spacecraft, symbolizing their contribution to space exploration and scientific progress.

G. There are several famous cat characters in literature. Three of the most well-known are the Cheshire Cat from "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" by Lewis Carroll, Murr from "The Life and Opinions of Tomcat Murr" by E.T.A. Hoffmann, and Behemoth from Mikhail Bulgakov's "Master and Margarita". There is a sculpture of Behemoth near Bulgakov Museum in Moscow, and inside the museum, a real cat plays the role of the famous "primus-mending" cat.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Living above

2.  Glimpses of history

3.  No meat, please!

4.  Figuratively speaking

5.  Belonging to one group

6.  Highly social

7.  Similar to people

8.  Almost extinct

A.  Great apes are members of the family Hominidae, which includes humans, chimps, gorillas, and orangutans. There is one species of humans (Homo sapiens), two species of chimpanzees (common chimpanzee and pygmy chimpanzee, also known as the bonobo), two species of gorillas (western gorilla and eastern gorilla), and three species of orangutans (Bornean orangutan, Sumatran orangutan, and Tapanuli orangutan). However, throughout the last few million years, there have been dozens of other great apes, some of which were arguably as intelligent as modern humans.

B.  Great apes are large, tailless primates, distinguished from lesser apes (gibbons) by a larger size and generally less monkey-like anatomical features. Still, within this group there is considerable variation. These apes evolved from African lesser apes about 18 million years ago. Orangutans originated from the rest of the apes about 14 million years ago, and gorillas separated from them about 7 million years ago. Until recently, it was thought that chimps and humans separated between 3 and 5 million years ago, but more fossil finds suggest it happened earlier, between 6 and 7 million years ago.

C.  Great apes are all extremely intelligent. Each one is probably smarter than every other member of the animal kingdom. All the great apes can use tools. Their hands allow them to use rocks or sticks for various purposes, including as weapons. Gorillas have been observed testing water depth with sticks. Chimpanzees are known to drive insects out of their nests using sticks. The orangutan is intelligent enough to build leak-proof roofs over their nightly nests. Isn’t that amazing? They are just like us!

D.  Great apes play a very important role in their ecosystems. Their presence also supports biodiversity by influencing the distribution and behaviour of other species within their habitat. Unfortunately, most great ape species are considered endangered or even critically endangered due to habitat loss, poaching, and disease. According to the World Wildlife Fund, gorillas and orangutans are particularly at risk, with habitat destruction from logging, mining, and agriculture being the primary threats to their survival.

E.  The orangutan, the largest creature in the world living in the trees, has probably never lived anywhere else but in the trees. Wildly mobile shoulder, knee and hip joints create a climbing machine that spends approximately 90% of its life high above ground. They eat, sleep, breed and give birth sometimes hundreds of feet above the ground. The thick forests of Borneo and Sumatra provide the perfect environment for this ape. Orangutans look graceless on the ground, but even the largest male orangutans move elegantly in the trees.

F.  Gorillas eat different food, but their diet is mainly vegetarian. In the jungle, more than 85% of a gorilla’s diet is made up of leaves, shoots, stems and vines  — and the rest is made up of roots, flowers and fruits. Insects, ants and termites make up less than 1% of a gorilla’s diet in the wild. The specific food of gorillas varies, depending on the presence (or absence) of certain plants in their immediate surrounding. Thus, gorillas are also almost exclusively vegetarian and devote their days to gathering fruit, leaves, roots and flowers.

G.  Great apes are no exception when it comes to social interaction. They have complex social relationships that include communication through vocalizations, and body language such as grooming and hugging. Their societies are hierarchical, meaning there are dominant members who have priority access to food and other resources, while subordinate members must work harder to attain them. A new study has revealed that great apes tease one another, including hair pulling, poking, staring in faces, and other playful behaviours.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A − G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­не­си­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  A recreated literary symbol

2.  The future of exhibitions

3.  From Paris to Moscow

4.  Giving ideas for future buildings

5.  Old efforts still bring good results

6.  Well-kept and further developed

7.  Events that bring people together

8.  Wonders of Industrial Revolution

A. World exhibitions, also called world’s fairs, are large international events showcasing human achievements. The first official one, the Great Exhibition, was held in London in 1851, featuring inventions and cultural displays. Later fairs introduced iconic landmarks like the Eiffel Tower (Paris, France, 1889) and the Space Needle (Seattle, USA, 1962). These exhibitions continue today, promoting innovation, culture, and global cooperation.

B. The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London was organized by Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, to showcase industry and culture. It was held in the Crystal Palace, a stunning glass-and-iron structure built in Hyde Park. The event attracted millions of visitors and generated significant profit. Part of this money was used to support scientific and educational projects, while the rest was invested. The returns from these investments continue to fund scientific research and innovation in the UK through grants today.

C. The World’s Columbian Exposition was held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Columbus’s voyage. It featured grand neoclassical buildings, the first Ferris wheel, and dazzling electric lights, symbolizing progress and innovation. Seven years later, the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris highlighted France’s cultural and technological achievements. The event introduced escalators, talking films, and Art Nouveau architecture. Both exhibitions attracted millions and left lasting marks on their cities.

D. The 1896 All-Russia Industrial and Art Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod was a major showcase of Russian industry, technology, and culture. It featured over 70 pavilions, displaying innovations in engineering, manufacturing, and the arts. One of the highlights was Shukhov’s hyperboloid rotonda, an early example of modern lightweight structures. More than a century later, the principle of Shukhov's design inspired the construction of The Gherkin  — a famous skyscraper in London.

E. VDNH is an iconic exhibition centre in Moscow, opened in 1939. It was designed to showcase the achievements of the Soviet Union in various industries, including agriculture, science, and technology. In recent years, the complex has undergone extensive restoration and modernization, preserving its historical elements while adding new features. Today, VDNH is a major cultural and recreational hub in Moscow, attracting millions of visitors each year. It is a place where history meets modernity, offering a unique look at Russia's past and present.

F. The Worker and Kolkhoz Woman is a famous sculpture created by artist Vera Mukhina for the 1937 World's Fair in Paris. The towering sculpture depicts a man and a woman, symbolizing the unity of workers and farmers. After the fair, it was brought back to Moscow and placed at the entrance of VDNH, becoming an iconic symbol of Soviet art and the country’s industrial progress. The sculpture remains an important cultural landmark in Moscow today and is a symbol of Mosfilm, Russian film studio.

G. The "Stone Flower" fountain at VDNH is inspired by the famous Ural fairy tale by Pavel Bazhov. Opened in 1954, the fountain is an artistic tribute to the mystical story of the "Stone Flower," which symbolizes the richness and beauty of the Ural Mountains. The design of the fountain features intricate mosaics and sculptures depicting the region's natural resources, like precious stones and flowers, reflecting the magical world of Bazhov’s tales. The fountain continues to be a significant cultural and artistic attraction at VDNH.

Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A–G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­пи­ши­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Humans cause harm

2.  Where is the taiga found?

3.  Clever habits

4.  Adding two more

5.  Young and beautiful

6.  Surviving flora

7.  What’s the weather like?

8.  Native people’s habits

A.  The taiga biome stretches across the Northern Hemisphere. It takes in large areas of North America and Eurasia, especially Canada and Russia, respectively. It also spans across Alaska and Scandinavia. The taiga biome occupies about 27% of the Earth’s surface. It is located south of the tundra biome, which is characterized by a frozen land and constant snow. Because of its location, the taiga biome is rather cold. It is to the north of the temperate forests and grasslands, which are much warmer.

B.  There are cold winds that blow cold Arctic air into the taiga biome, making it very cold most of the year. Therefore, this climate is called the subarctic climate. The earth rotates around the sun annually. Due to the tilt of the sun, the taiga biome faces away from the sun, resulting in long snowy winters, which are extremely cold. Another effect is that there is less radiation from the sun to heat the land up. For these reasons, the summer is barely three months long, and the winter is double that.

C.  The taiga is home to various species of plants. These plants are used to an extremely cold climate and mainly consist of coniferous trees, evergreens, and spruces. The absence of sunlight in the biome is an important factor, which means plants must have adaptable leaves. The evergreens have green leaves throughout the year, so they have enough food due to the presence of chlorophyll in their leaves. They keep the same leaves for a very long time, enabling them to use minimal solar energy.

D.  There is a limit to the number of animals that can survive in the taiga, due to the cold temperatures. Still, there are many animal species, including mammals, birds, and insect species. Like the taiga plants, animals in the biome must have adaptive features to survive in this climate. During the summer, more animals are in sight than during the winter. This is because most of them either migrate to warmer biomes where they can cope easily, especially for birds, or spend the winter sleeping until the next summer season.

E.  Surprisingly, there are six seasons, as identified by the native people of the boreal forest or taiga. The seasons are spring, break-up, summer, autumn, freeze-up, and winter. The period in October, when the trees lose their leaves and the lakes become frozen, is known as freeze-up. This period occurs after autumn and ends when winter starts. The other period is when the snow melts, and the ground looks bare. This season is called the break-up season and may last quite long  — until all the ice in the lakes has melted.

F.  Compared to certain trees that grow in more temperate climates, most of the trees in the boreal forest or taiga are young. Forests are typically less than 100 years old throughout the western boreal zone, and mainly younger than 200 years old in the eastern boreal zone. Due to frequent natural disasters that are the result of an ecological loop that renews the boreal forest, scientists do not believe this amazing forest to be ancient. But they all agree that it is the largest biome on land.

G.  The boreal forest contributes greatly to the earth’s oxygen supply by collecting carbon dioxide produced by people. It helps a lot in the preservation of the ozone layer thanks to its green vegetation. However, human activities such as deforestation are destroying the boreal forest’s structure. When a tree is harmed, it takes a long time to grow back, because the biome has an extremely slow growth rate. That’s why the boreal forest has drawn the attention of the environment protection specialists worldwide.