Уста­но­ви­те со­от­вет­ствие между тек­ста­ми A − G и за­го­лов­ка­ми 1–8. За­не­си­те свои от­ве­ты в таб­ли­цу. Ис­поль­зуй­те каж­дую цифру толь­ко один раз. В за­да­нии один за­го­ло­вок лиш­ний.

1.  Pipes and keyboards

2.  A lost treasure

3.  From hands to motors

4.  A true philanthropist

5.  A true behemoth of an instrument

6.  Created by an old master

7.  From the East to the West

8.  Not fit for church!

A. Have you ever been to the Grand Hall of the Moscow Conservatory? In the very centre of the stage stands a large and impressive pipe organ created by the French master Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, with an inscription in Russian: “Gift of S.P. von Derwiese”. The organ was presented to the Moscow Conservatory in 1900 by Sergey von Derwiese, the son of the Russian railway magnate who, although, not as successful in business as his father, had a great love for music.

B. Pipe organs appeared in Russia much later than in Western Europe because the instrument was mainly connected with Catholic and Protestant traditions. One of the earliest references to an organ in Russia comes from 1586. In a report written that year, the English ambassador Jerome Horsey mentioned that an organ built in England had been purchased for Tsarina Irina Godunova. However, unlike Europe, the organ in Russia was used for secular music.

C. The earliest known organ was the hydraulis, invented in the 3^rd century BC in Alexandria. It used water pressure to keep the air supply steady. Air was forced through pipes of different lengths, producing musical notes when the player pressed keys or levers. The hydraulis was popular in the Roman world and was often played at public events and in large arenas. Although it disappeared after the fall of the Roman Empire, it is considered the ancestor of all later organs.

D. One of the most famous organs in the world is in St. Stephen's Cathedral in Passau, Germany. Built over several centuries, it is the largest cathedral organ, with 17,000 pipes and 233 registers. Its massive size allows it to produce incredibly rich and powerful sounds that fill the entire cathedral. The organ attracts visitors and musicians from all over the world, and concerts performed on it are considered a highlight for anyone who loves organ music.

E. Today, the work that was once done by one or several blowers, depending on the size of the organ, is done by electric motors. Modern organs use electric blowers to push air into the bellows and maintain steady air pressure. The organist simply switches the system on, and the instrument is ready to play. Electric blowers have also been added to many historic organs. Today, there are no organs in Moscow that still use manual blowers.

F. By the early Middle Ages, a new type of organ had been invented. It used bellows instead of water to supply air. One of these early instruments was sent as a gift from the Byzantine emperor to the Frankish king Pepin the Short in the 8^th century. Soon, organs began to appear in churches and monasteries across Europe. These early church organs were large and powerful instruments, sometimes requiring several blowers to operate the bellows.

G. Friedrich Ladegast was one of the most famous organ builders of the Romantic era. During his long life he created about two hundred instruments, many of which still exist today in Germany and other European countries. The only surviving Ladegast organ in Russia is now kept in the Russian National Museum of Music in Moscow. Built in 1868, it was originally made for the Moscow industrialist and patron of the arts Vasily Khludov and installed in his house. In 1886 Khludov presented the organ to the Moscow Conservatory.